Human Evolution

Sahelanthrus tchadensis

1 CE

Weak prognathism (almost no snout), small canine, human like foramen magnum.
North Africa.
7 - 6Ma.

Orrorin tugenesis

2

Thick enamel, proximal femur human like.
East Africa.
6Ma

Ardipithecus species

3

Small canines, Non sectorial P3, foward placed foramen.
East Africa.
5.8 - 4.4 Ma

Australopithecus anamensis

4

Thick enamel, expanded tibia plateau, primitive dental characteristics.
East Africa.
4.2-3.9 Ma

Australopithecus afarensis

5

Cranium: Small brain, prognathous (has a snout), large canines, u shape dental arcade, semi sectorial P3,
Post Cranium: funnel shaped rib cage, ape limb proportions, long curved phalanges, valgus knee, partial bowl shape.
Lived in woodlands and grasslands. Primitive bipedalism, climbing ability. Likely know human like speech.
Lucy.
East Africa.
3.9-2.9 Ma

Australopithecus africanus

6

Lime stone caves, breccias makes difficult to excavate. Dated with biostratigraphy. Taung child found by Raymond Dart and Mrs. Ples.
Slightly prognathous, U shape dental arcade, slightly larger brain, human like foramen mangum, small canines, non sectoral P3
curved phalanges, ape like limb proportions, walk with flex hips. Forest/woodland, fruits and leaves.
South Africa.
3.5-2 Ma

Australopithecus garhi

7

Cranium similar to Africanus, curved phalanges, human like limb porportions.
East Africa.
2.5 Ma.

Australopithecus sediba

8

Small brain, human like limb proportions, human face, pelvis and dental.
South Africa.
1.97-1.78 Ma.

Paranthropus species

9

Robust Australopithecines, sagittal crest in males, thick lower jaw, small incisors and canines, megadont, flaring zygomatic arches (cheek bones), wide flat face
climbing ability, bipedal, precision grip.
Gallery forest (forests form corridor along water) and Savannah. Dietary specialists: nuts and seeds.
East and South Africa.
2.7-1.5 Ma

Homo rudolfensis

10

Larger brain, large flat face. Two different species: strong differences from hablis (larger).
East Africa.
2.1-1.79 Ma.

Homo hablis

11

Larger brains, rounded gracile cranium (softer), smaller posterier teeth
ape like limb porportions, persision grip, bipedalism.
No game hunting, some scavenging, tool maker. Possible language: broca area but short pharynx, small vertebral canal.
East and South Africa.
1.9-1.44 (2.8?) Ma.

Homo egaster

12

Thinner cranial bones, less pronounced brow ridges, small brain, long legs, short stature.
Africa and R. Georgia.
1.8-1 Ma.

Homo erectus

13

Cranium: larger brain, low forehead, occipital torus, pentalgonal head shape, Supra-orbital torus, supra-toral sulcus, sagittal keel . Post Cranium: barrel shaped rib, human limb proportions, bowl pelvis, thick cortical bone, strong muscle attachment, robust, large nasal, smaller posterior teeth, less robust mandible, taller. Africa (migrate north/south, colde decreasing temperatures), tools (Oldowan/Acheulean), fire, cave shelters, likely hunting (meat). Possible language. Africa, Asia, Europe.

Homo heidelbergensis

14

Early: Acheulean
Late: Levallois
Cranium: Separated brow ridge, larger brains, no occipital toris, less prognathous, smaller teeth, short high round craniums
Post cranium: less robust
Big game hunters, spears, grassland and forests, caves and rock shelters, fires and hearths
Multiple Species(?): Homo antecessor, Homo rhodesiensis
Africa, Europe, Asia(?).
0.8-0.1 Ma.

Homo neanderthals

15

Cranium: SO torus - double arch, Mid face prognathous, occipital bun, occipital torus, oval cranium, receding foreheads, taurodont teeth, worn/shoveling front teeth, retromolar gap
Post Cranium: robust, short limbs
Fair skin, bergmens/allens rule (climate)
Mousterian, caves and shelters, hunters, Shanidar cave (care of the dead), Art and music (flute), Fire. Rather human like speach: anatomical almost modern
Europe, Middle East, Asia
Pre-classic: 0.3-0.15 Ma.
Classics: 0.15-0.027 Ma.

Homo sapiens

16

Cranium: short high round, large brains, no occipital torus or bun, small flat face, small teeth and jaw, chin
Post Cranium: less robust
Microliths, more varied diet, burials, figurtive art, more elaborate shelters, language
Migrate from Africa(?)
since 0.2 Ma

Homo naledi

17

Cranium: Small brain,
Australopithecus like traits: phalanges, pelvis, rib cage, shoulder
Homo like traits: wrist, palm, legs, ankles, feet
No time frame
Not sure whether Australopithecus or Homo
South Africa

Homo floresiensis

18

Insular dwarfism (Short), Microcephalic (small brains), simple stone tools.
From Homo erectus or other species
Indonesia

0.75-0.17 Ma

Denisovans

19

West Asia
0.05-0.03 Ma