-
Period: 1185 to 1333
Kamakura Period
The Kamakura Period was a period in Japan's history that marks the governing of the Kamakura shogunate. Japan developed a decentralized political structure, as local lords controlled land with power and authority over those lands(Feudalism). Dropped the Chinese style bureaucracy that the Nara and Heian periods used. -
Period: 1200 to
AP World Exam 2024
Don't get a 1. -
Period: 1206 to 1526
Delhi Sultanate
A Islamic state in India, that controlled most on India during it's rule. The capital was in Delhi. Islamic influence was limited, relying on the goodwill of the Hindu's in power. -
Period: 1225 to Mar 7, 1274
Life of St.Thomas Aquinas
An Italian philosopher and theologian who embraced many ideologies of Aristotle, which suggested that it was important for people to think rationally. Thomas Aquinas suggested that it was possible for a person to reasonably prove God's existence with logic. -
Period: 1230 to 1255
Reign of Sundiata
He was the first ruler of the Mali Empire in Western Africa. We is recognized as the richest man in history. He was the great uncle of Mansa Musa. -
Period: 1235 to
Mali Empire
The Mali Empire was a major trading empire in Western Africa. It's high taxes on traders lead to it having incredible wealth. It's culture, taxes, and language spread throughout Western Africa. The empire lost much of it's power and land by the early 15th century(1400-1500). After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406 the Songhai conquered most of the empire's northern lands, this event cemented Mali's collapse. Small sections of the lands survived until around 1670. -
Period: Aug 21, 1264 to Feb 18, 1294
Reign of Khubilai Khan
One of Chinggis Khan's grandsons, who took control of the Mongol empire in China. He consolidated the Mongol's powers in China, and created the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was ruling during the Mongol empire at it's height. He worked to improve his subjects qualities of life(ex. he was religiously tolerant, and supported other religions other than Buddhism). -
Period: 1271 to 1295
Marco Polo's Trip to China
Marco Polo took a 24 year long trip along the silk road to China in order to pen his experiences in his book "Book of the Marvels of the World and II Milione". His travels sparked much of the later European's travels east. He also started a interest in China from more people. -
Period: 1271 to 1368
Yuan Dynasty
Established during the Reign of Khubilai Khan. Established after the dissipation of the Song Dynasty, and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Completely encapsulated China in 1279 after Khubilai Khan defeated the southern Song Dynasty. Ended when the Ming Dynasty took control of China. -
Period: 1287 to 1288
Missionaries in China
Missionaries like John of Montecorvino(An Italian missionary who translated the new testament) traveled to China to try and covert a large number of people -
Period: 1289 to
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was created by Osman Bey, in 1289, and it was one of the three gunpowder empires. The Ottoman Empire expanded rapidly, and eventually became Islamic. The Empire then captured Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. Nearing the end of the empire, lands started to break away from the Ottoman Empire, until it's eventual dissilusion after WW1. -
1295
Ilkhan Ghazan converts to Islam
Ilkhan Ghazan was a ruler of Mongol controlled Persia, which was predominantly Islamic. Ilkhan Ghazan and many others converted to Islam to try to blend into the high societies in Persia. This started a turning point of Islam becoming the dominant religion in many Mongolian states. -
Period: 1312 to 1337
Reign of Mansa Musa
The ninth ruler of the Mali Empire. The Mali Empire reached its peak during his reign. It has also been suggested that he was one of the richest people throughout history. Increased the Islamic faith's relevance in the empire, especially with his pilgrimage to Mecca 1324. He built schools, mosques, and a lot more infrastructure. -
1324
Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage to Mecca
His pilgrimage ended in 1325, in which he spread so much gold that the market value of it went down as much as 25%. It also had the affect to spreading Islam. -
Period: 1325 to 1354
Ibn Battuta's Travels
Ibn Battuta was a Islamic traveler who traveled around the Indian Ocean Basin and the African Coast, dictating his journeys in a book called "A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling" or more commonly known as "The Rihla" -
Period: 1331 to 1353
The Black Death
The disease started in China, before spreading to Italy in 1347 and killing almost 1/3 of Europe's population. -
Period: 1336 to 1565
Kingdom of Vijayanagar
A Hindu kingdom in Southern India. Created after two representatives from the Delhi Sultanate, Harihara and Bukka who were tasked to take over control of Southern India for the Delhi Sultanate, instead renounced Islam and created a Hindu kingdom. The two kingdoms didn't have a major hostilities between them as the Islamic and Hindu citizens would continue their trade. -
Period: 1336 to 1573
Muromachi Period
A time period in Japan's history during which the Ashikaga Shogunate(Known as the Muromachi Shogunate) ruled over Japan. There was a very decetralized goverment. -
Period: Apr 8, 1336 to Feb 14, 1405
Life of Tamerlane
Tamerlane was a great conquer, conquering from Southwest Asia, to the Middle East(Aka. most of the Islamic world). He died in 1405 due to a sickness while he was planning to invade China. He appointed overlords in areas that he controlled. He was even able to invade India and the Delhi Sultanate. -
Period: May 24, 1337 to Oct 19, 1453
Hundred Years' War
A series of many conflicts between Britain and France, during the late Middle Ages. The conflicts were intermitted as many events like the Black Death interrupted them. Britain had many early victories but eventually the French won the war. -
1345
Building of Tenochtitlan
The Mexica created the city of Tenochtitlan off the marshes of Lake Texcoco which quickly became the new Mexican capital. The marshy lands surrounding the city caused the chinampa form of agriculture to be created. The marshes also served as natural barrier of defiance. The city was conquered by the Spanish in 1521. -
Period: 1368 to 1398
Reign of Hongwu
Hongwu was the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, after he drove the Mongols out of China. He created a highly centralized state in China, strengthening the reach of the government. -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
The Bubonic Plague, political tensions, and the terrible economy caused the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, paving the way Ming Dynasty. The first emperor(Hongwu) was a poor beggar growing up, before going to a Buddhist Monastery and eventually leading the military forces that toppled the Yuan Dynasty. Hongwu greatly centralized the Ming Dynasty. -
Period: Jan 23, 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty was built from the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. It restored native rule to China after the Mongols took control. Hongwu founded the dynasty, and made the government highly centralized. During the Ming Dynasty, naval expeditions were ordered into the IOB and further, showing off Chinese prosperity. -
Period: Mar 4, 1394 to Nov 13, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator's Life
A Portugal prince who promoted exploration. His goals were:
-Join the Gold Trade in Western Africa
-Discover new Trade Routes
-Gain Intelligence on the Muslim Word
-Covert People to Christianity
-Gain Allies against the Muslim World -
Period: Jul 17, 1403 to Aug 12, 1424
Reign of Yongle
Yongle ruled over the Ming Dynasty in China, using his power to create a powerful nation. He launched a series of naval expeditions that sailed throughout the Indian Ocean basin and showed Chinese colors as far away as Malindi in east Africa. He did some other notable things like move the capital to Beijing. -
Period: 1405 to 1433
Zheng He's Expeditions into the IOB
Under the rule of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He was sent out on 7 expeditions to the Indian Ocean Basin to show off Chinese wealth and prosperity. -
Period: 1427 to 1440
Reign of Itzcóatl
He was also known as "The Obsidian Serpent", he was the fourth king of Tenochtitlan. He charted many military campaigns against the people in southwestern Mexico, setting the foundations for the Aztec empire. -
Period: 1438 to 1471
Reign of Pachacuti
The ninth leader of the Inca empire which greatly expanded their control over South America with military expeditions around Lake Titicaca. -
Period: 1440 to 1518
Kabir
Kabir, also known as Guru Kabir, was a blind weaver, who was also a Bhakti teacher. The Bhakti movement was a movement in India during 12th century(1100's), that tried to gap the cultural split between Hindu and Islam. Kabir taught that all of the Hindu and Islamic gods were one in the same, and how anyone and everyone could find this universal deity in their own hearts. -
Period: 1440 to 1469
Reign of Moctezuma I
Successor of the Aztec empire from Itzcóatl. During his reign the Aztec empire was consolidated, and major expansion efforts were put forth. -
Period: Feb 3, 1451 to May 3, 1481
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
Mehmed the Conqueror, also known as Mehmed II, is most famous for being the Ottoman Emperor to capture Constantinople, and making it the Ottoman Empire's new capital, being renamed to Istanbul. He laid foundations for the Ottoman empire to become extremely centralized, with a powerful absolute monarchy. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, the last city in the Byzantine Empire, after it's gradual decline over the past few hundred years. The Byzantine empire had been reduced to only the land of the city of Constantinople. After the Ottoman conquered the city, it was renamed to Istanbul. -
Period: 1464 to Nov 6, 1493
Reign of Sunni Ali
Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire, after the Mali empire had begun to weaken. He conquered his neighbors and consolidated the Songhay empire. He also brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under Songhai control. -
Period: 1464 to
Songhay Empire
Songhay Empire was located in western Africa, and was preceded by the Mali Empire. Based around the trading city of Gao. It was created by Sunni Ali, who was it's first ruler. -
Period: 1467 to
Sengoku Period (The Age of the Warring States)
A time period in Japan where internal struggles between the Shogun and the emperor. Samurai overlords(local lords) fought over the land due to the power vacuum, from the shogun falling from power. -
Period: Nov 1, 1478 to
The Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition was started by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, near the end of the Reconquista. It was meant to preserve orthodox Catholicism by picking out those who practiced Judaism and Islam, but it eventually became picking out those who practiced Protestant Heresy. -
Period: Nov 10, 1483 to Feb 18, 1546
Life of Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a great German writer, who condemned the Roman Church for their greedy practices and their abuse of power. He wrote many books on his thoughts, which spread rapidly due to the printing press. He called for reforms, and his ideas lead to many people breaking off from the church and starting their own versions of it. -
1487
Bartolomeu Dias' Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope
Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias lead an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope by traveling along the western coast of Africa. -
Period: Oct 23, 1491 to Jul 31, 1556
Life of Ignatius Loyola
Ignatius Loyola was originally a soldier, but in 1521 he suffered a leg wound and started in his religious work. He founded the Society of Jesus in 1540, the members of this society were called Jesuits. The Society of Jesus were great missionaries and spread Christian teachings far and wide. -
Oct 12, 1492
Americas First Discovered
Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas, officially being the first European to sail to Americas. This action sparked the start of the Columbian Exchange, leading to worldwide population increase. -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal divided the world along an imaginary north-south line. This way Portugal and Spain wouldn't fight over lands to colonize. -
1497
Vasco Da Gama's expedition to India
Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama traveled along the west coast of Africa into the Indian Ocean Basin, then to India to prove that travel to India was possible. -
1500
Brazil Claimed for Portugal
Pedro Alvares de Cabral, a Portuguese mariner, stopped in Brazil. Manuel I, the Portuguese king decided to
consolidate his claim on Brazil, eventually completely colonizing Brazil. -
Period: 1501 to
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire was created by Shah Ismail in 1501, which would rule over modern day Iran, and it's surrounding areas. It was 1 of the 3 gunpowder empires, and it's main religion was Twelver Shiism(A branch of the Islamic faith). -
Period: Dec 22, 1501 to May 23, 1524
Reign of Shah Ismail
Shah Ismail was the first emperor and founder of the The Safavid Empire. He went into the Iranian Plateau and took control of it, claiming it for Twelver Shiism. His family eventually became the line of rulers for the Safavid Empire. -
Period: 1502 to 1520
Reign of Moctezuma II
The ninth emperor of the Aztec empire. He was killed during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, specially when the Spanish fought to take control of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. His death was seen as the start of the fall of the Aztec empire. -
Period: 1506 to 1542
Reign of King Afonso I
King Afonso I, was the sixth ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, who converted to Christianity, and tried to get his subjects to covert too. He had good relations with Portugal, and often traded with them, which eventually expanded the Atlantic Slave Trade. -
Period: Apr 22, 1509 to Jan 28, 1547
Reign of King Henry VIII
He was the king of England, as was most popular for having 6 wives throughout his life. King Henry was mad at the pope because the pope didn't let him divorce one of his wives, so him and the whole of England split away from the Church, thus starting the Anglican church with the English king as it's pope. -
Period: Jul 10, 1509 to May 27, 1564
Life of John Calvin
John Calvin was a French lawyer who converted to the Protestant Christian Church, in the 1530s. His work was influential in the Protestant Reformation, his ideas branching off into Calvinism. In Calvinism, God was sovereignt in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. -
Aug 23, 1514
Battle of Chaldiran
Battle of Chaldiran was a conflict between the Sunni Ottomans and the Shiite Safavids. The Ottoman had industrialized and was using large gunpowder weapons, while the Safavids saw those gunpowder weapons as unreliable and unmanly. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire. -
Oct 31, 1517
Ninety-Five Theses
The Ninety-five Theses was a document, written by Martin Luther, which stated every problem that he had with the church, mainly the church's greed. This document launched the Protestant Reformation. -
1518
The Smallpox Epidemic in the Caribbean
Smallpox caused devastating epidemics among the peoples in the Caribbean, killing many. To replace laborers lost to disease, encomenderos enslaved many native Caribbean peoples. -
1519
Arrival of Spanish Conquerors in Mexico
A time period of around 2 years, during which the Spanish Conquerors dismantled the Aztec empire, taking control of much of Mexico. -
Period: 1519 to Aug 13, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
The conquest was lead by Hernán Cortés, and his small army of soldiers and indigenous allies, which included the famous Doña Marina, who learnt how to translate for the Spanish. The Spanish campaign had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when the Spanish forces captured the city of Tenochtitlan. -
Period: Jun 28, 1519 to Aug 27, 1556
Reign of Charles V
Charles V was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and a massive expander of his country, expanding into Austria, Spain, Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Parts of Northern Italy, and expanded colonies in the Americas. -
Period: Sep 30, 1520 to Sep 6, 1566
Reign of Süleyman the Magnificent
Ottoman imperialism peaked during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, with his expansion efforts in both southwest Asia and in Europe. -
Sep 6, 1521
Ferdinand Magellan's Circumnavigation of the World
Ferdinand Magellan, a Pourtagueese sailor, was the first to fully circumnavigated the world. The voyage left on September 20 1519, Ferdinand Magellan died in the Philippines in April 1521, and the voyage ended on September 6 1521 under the Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano. -
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empire
The empire was created by Zahir al-Din Muhammad, in Southern Asia. With the use of gunpowder weapons the Mughal Empire was able to take control of India. The Empire ended with the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and the incoming British Raj. -
Sep 27, 1540
Foundation of the Society of Jesus
Ignatius Loyola started the Society of Jesus, which is also known as the Jesuits, as a society to expand Christian teachings. -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus Published his Heliocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who published a book called the "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres", in which he proposed his heliocentric universe theory(The sun is at the center of the universe). This marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. -
Period: 1543 to
The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric model is often viewed as the start of the Scientific Revolution, while the end is often viewed as Isaac Newton's publication of his theories of the laws of motion and universal gravitation. It marked a period of the emergence of modern science and reasoning. -
1545
Discovery of Silver in Potosí
The Spanish found a large vein of silver in Potosí, causing the creating of a large scale mining operation. The need for labor caused the Spanish to start adapting the Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor, known as the mita system, -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was very important in the restoration efforts of the Catholic Church. The council was filled with high positioned people in the Catholic Church, who listened the people's grievances against the Church. This council made it normal practice to force religious leaders to keep to a certain amount of morality, and establish schools in areas that there are no schools. -
Period: Oct 6, 1552 to
Life of Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci was an Italian, Roman Catholic Missionary who traveled to China as a Jesuit to try and convert China to Christianity, beginning with the Ming emperor Wanli. He ended up bridging gaps between Christianity and Confucianism. His work in China caused many more Jesuits to travel to China. -
Period: Jan 16, 1556 to
Reign of King Philip II
King Philip II was a devout Catholic. In 1567 moved to suppress an increasingly popular Calvinist movement in the Netherland. This action lead to large-scale rebellion against Spanish rule, this lead to many Dutch provinces to reject Spanish rule, leading to the formation of the Dutch republic -
Period: Feb 11, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
Akbar, also called Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor. Akbar created a centralized administrative structure with no room for challenges to his rule. He was also a thoughtful, reflective man who was deeply interested in religion and philosophy. He encouraged the mixing of Hinduism and Islam, most famously by abolishing the Jizya tax on Hindus. He was also dyslectic(Just thought I should add that). -
Period: Feb 15, 1564 to
Life of Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei was an Italian mathematician, who is famous for both his mathematical discoveries, but also his astronomical discoveries. He discovered many previously unknown stars using a telescope. He also invented the modern day law of inertia. Galileo Galilei is often referred to as the father of modern science. -
Period: 1565 to 1575
Spanish Conquest of the Philippines
The Philippines had no central government, causing it to have no real resistance to the Spanish conquers. Some Muslim communities in the Philippines did resist, but by 1575 the Spanish controlled most of the Philippines, only increasing their influence over it during the 17th centaury. -
Period: Dec 27, 1571 to
Life of Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician who is most famous for being a key influencer in Issac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. He is a key person in the scientific revolution. -
Period: Jul 19, 1572 to
Reign of Wanli
Wanli was a emperor of the Ming Dynasty, preferred to conduct business through eunuch intermediaries. Enrich corruption and inefficiency spread throughout the government and weakened the Ming state. -
Period: to
Reign of Shah Abbas the Great
Shah Abbas the Great was the 5th ruler of the Safavid Empire, who singlehandedly revitalized the Safavid Empire. He moved the capital to the more central location of Isfahan, encouraged trade with other lands, and reformed the administrative and military institutions of the empire. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
A Shogun, or military governor, ruled Japan through local rulers. The emperor was nothing more than a figurehead, the Shogun being the one in control. The Shogun and his retainers started disagreeing in the 1500s, causing a major civil war, this was called the era of sengoku. -
Period: to
Foundation of Colonies in North America
Many colonies in North America were created in this time by the French and the British. Most notably were the colonies at Port Royal (Nova Scotia) in 1604, Quebec in 1608, Jamestown in 1607, New Amsterdam in 1623, and The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, -
Period: to
Reign of Nurhaci
Nurhaci was the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He was an ambitious chieftain who, unified Manchu tribes into a centralized state, promulgated a code of laws, and organized a powerful military force. -
Period: to
Reign of Queen Nzinga
Queen Nzinga of Ndongo was a spirited leader of the resistance against Portuguese forces, who wanted to capture Angola. Nzinga was only able to hold off the Portuguese for a short time with her inferior weapons. When Nzinga died, Portuguese forces faced less capable resistance, and they extended and tightened their control over Angola. -
Period: to
John Locke
John Locke was an English philosopher that attacked the idea of absolute monarchy, and called for a more representative government. His main ideology was that the government was meant to serve the people, not the other way around. -
Period: to
Life of Ihara Saikaku
Ihara Saikaku was a Japanese poet who helped create a
new genre of prose literature, the “books of the floating world". His most famous fiction book was called "The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love", and it chronicled the experiences of a townsman who devoted his life, beginning at the tender age of eight, to a quest for sexual pleasure. (A direct quote from the textbook) -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
Used observation and reason to come to conclusions. Symbolized the scientific revolution.
-Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
-Theory of Gravity -
Period: to
Reign of King Louis XIV
King Louis XIV was a French King who is the epitome of an absolute monarch. Louis XIV called himself "The Sun King", and he had absolute power over France. He built the Palace of Versailles, and consolidated a system of absolute monarchy. -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was a Dynasty born from the fall of the Ming Dynasty, due to Manchu invasions. Emperor Nurhaci was able to centralize the Dynasty, and greatly increased the government's control over native Chinese peoples. -
The Peace of Westphalia was Signed
The Peace of Westphalia, ended the Thirty and Eighty Years Wars and created the framework for modem international relations, with the concepts of state sovereignty, mediation between nations, and diplomacy. -
Period: to
Age of Enlightenment
An Intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe, with a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses. The church was question in this time period. -
Period: to
World History Regents 2024
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Period: to
Reign of Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb brought the Mughal Empire to it's peak, and by the end of his rule, the Mughal Empire controlled most of the subcontinent. He was a devout Muslim, and broke Akbar's rules of religious tolerance, imposing a tax on Hindus in an effort to encourage conversion to Islam. -
Period: to
Reign of Kangxi
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty was 1 of the 2 major emperors who consolidated power for the government, the other being Emperor Qianlong. Kangxi was a Confucian scholar as well as an enlightened ruler. He studied the Confucian classics and sought to apply their teachings through his policies. -
Isaac Newton Publishes his Theory of Gravity
In 1687, Isaac Newton published the book "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", in which he stated his theory of universal gravitation. This marked the begining of the Scientific Revolution. -
Period: to
Voltaire
Wrote for individual freedom, and against the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. His famous battle cry was "Écrasez l'infame" meaning “Crush the damned thing” -
Period: to
Life of Voltaire
Voltaire was a French philosopher and writer, who epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment. Voltaire was his pen name, his real name was François-Marie Arouet. He attacked oppressively governments, and called for individual freedom. He attacked the French monarchy heavily for their horrible spending. -
Execution of Dona Beatriz
Dona Beatriz was a aristocratic woman, who claimed that that St. Anthony of Padua had possessed her and chosen her to communicate his messages. She spread a more African form of Christianity, and the native people converted in droves. King Pedro IV of Kongo had her arrested and burned at the stake on the 2nd of July, 1706. -
Period: to
Life of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is most famous for his work advocating for political equality, which he did so famously in his book titled, "The Social Contract". His min ideology was that the law should be enforced and created from the will of the people, not just from a few royals. -
Period: to
Life of Adam Smith
Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher who focused heavily on economic affairs. He studied the laws of supply and demand. He is sometimes called "The Father of Economics and Capitalism". -
Period: to
Reign of Qianlong
Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was 1 of the 2 major emperors who consolidated power for the government, the other being Emperor Kangxi. Qianlong sought to consolidate Kangxi’s conquests in central Asia. He encouraged merchants to settle there in hopes that they would stabilize the region. Qianlong also made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal vassal states of the Qing dynasty. -
Period: to
Life of Toussaint Louverture
Toussaint Louverture lead the slave revolution in Haiti, due to his high intelligence. He was able to create a strong army that was able to defeat both the French and British forces. His died after trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement between the French and Haitian governments, but the French arrested him and sent him to France, where he died in jail of maltreatment in 1803. -
Period: to
Life of Olaudah Equiano
Olaudah Equiano was a freed African slave in the Caribbean. He was a major player in the abolitionist movement, by writing books that exposed the brutality of slavery. In he 1789 published an autobiography detailing his experiences as a slave and a free man. His efforts strengthened the antislavery movement in England. -
Period: to
Life of Olympe de Gouges
Olympe de Gouges was a famous French feminist, is best known for her writing, the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen", which was written on the 14th of September, in 1791. This writing called for women to have the same rights as men, mainly voting. Olympe de Gouges was eventually executed. -
Period: to
Life of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lead the Mexican War of Independence, against Spain. He rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule. On 16 September 1810 he called for a revolution. Conservative creoles soon captured Hidalgo and executed him, but the revolution didn't end. -
Period: to
French and Indian War
Fight between Britain and France over North American territories. Part of the seven years' war, leading to Britain's dominance over the globe. -
Period: to
Seven Years' War
A global war between Britain and Prussia, against France, Austria, and Russia. British forces were able to defeat their enemies, paying the way for 150 years of British Hegemony over the globe. -
Royal Proclamation
After the French loss to the British in the French and Indian war. France had to give French Canadian territories to the Britain. -
Steam Engine Invented
Created by James Watt. The steam engine allowed for faster machines and vehicles, reducing time and cost of both manufacturing and transpiration. -
Period: to
James Cook's Voyages into the Pacific
His voyages allowed a accurate compilation of the whole world's geography. -
Period: to
Life of Klemens von Metternich
Klemens von Metternich was a Austrian statesman and diplomat, who tried to keep Europe's Balance of Power during the The Congress of Vienna. He dismantled Napoleon’s empire, returned sovereignty to Europe’s royal families, restored them to the thrones they had lost during the Napoleonic era, and created a diplomatic order based on a balance of power that prevented any one state from dominating the others. -
Period: to
Reign of King Louis XVI
King Louis XVI was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was unable to raise more revenue from the overburdened peasantry, so he tried to increase taxes on the French nobility, causing the Estates General to be called upon, where in the nobility and royals made decisions without giving the French people fair representation. This action was a major cause of the French Revolution. -
Period: to
American Revolution
(We've been learning this for years so like, you know what happens.) British imposing more taxes on the American Colonies, On 4 July 1776 the Continental Congress created the Declaration of Independence, after 5 years the decisive victory came in favor of the Americans, when American and French armies captured an entire British army in the Siege of Yorktown. -
Period: to
Life of Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar was a creole who lead the Latin American movement for independence. Bolívar was a fervent republican steeped in Enlightenment ideas about popular sovereignty. He took up arms against Spanish rule in 1811, and crushed the Spanish army in 1819. He created a republic called Gran Colombia, where he tried to unify Latin America under one nation, which failed. -
First European Colony in Australia
A British fleet arrived in Sydney and set up the first Australian Colony. -
Period: to
French Revolution
The French Revolution[a] was a period of political and societal change in France, due to a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancient Régime proved unable to manage. -
Invention of Interchangeable Parts
Invented by Eli Whitney, the interchangeable parts allows easy assembly of new devices, and easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or repair. -
Period: to
Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d’état and seized power in November 1799. He was a great military leader leading Europe into a long 12 year long war, called the Napoleonic Wars. During his reign ideals of nationalism and revolution spread, causing many more revolutions and unification movements. -
Louisiana Purchase
The United Sates of America bought Louisiana from Napoleon's empire for 15 million dollars. -
Slaves in Haiti Revolted and Gained Freedom
In the French sugar colony of Saint-Domingue, slaves revolted and abolish slavery as an institution, and established a self-governing republic. The revolution started on August 21st, 1791, and ended on the 1st of January, 1804, with the former colony gaining independence. This was the only wide scale successful slave revolt. The Haitian revolution terrified slave owners and inspired slaves throughout the western hemisphere. -
Period: to
Reign of Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was the ruler of Egypt who strengthened his military greatly, defeating both Napoleon and the Ottomans. He reformed and modernized Egypt greatly. -
Period: to
Life of Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini was a Italian nationalist, who formed
a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. He was forced into exile for much of his life. Young Italy inspired the development of nationalist movements in Ireland, Switzerland, and Hungary. -
End of the British Slave Trade
The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially banned the British Slave Trade. This ruling was followed by many ships in the British navy patrolling the coast of Africa, stopping any slave ships, the last documented slave ship was in 1867. This inspired many other nations to ban the slave trade as well. For example, the United States in 1808, France in 1814, the Netherlands in 1817, and Spain in 1845. -
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Life of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier and nationalist, who lead the unification movement in Southern Italy. He was able to dispel foreign forces and finally unify Italy under one kingdom. -
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Reign of Sultan Mahmud II
Mahmud II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who tried to lead reforms throughout the empire. He tried to reform the military which caused pushback by the Janissaries, so he had them massacred. -
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Latin American Wars of Independence
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Life of Camillo di Cavour
Camillo di Cavour was a prime minister to King Vittore Emmanuele II of Piedmont and Sardinia. He used his strength to dispel most of the foreign forces in Northern Italy. -
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War of 1812
The war started after America started to encroach on the British colony of Canada, which sparked tensions, leading to the war. Eventually America made it out victorious against Britain in 1914, with peace negotiations ending in 1815. -
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Life of Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan was the leader of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty. He was born from a poor family and rejected Confucianism and began propagating a fusion of Christianity, Daoism and millenarianism. Eventually the Taiping Rebellion failed. -
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Life of Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck was a wealthy landowner, appointed into the German government as the prime minister, by King Wilhelm I of Prussia, in 1862. He was famous for modernizing Germany through "Blood and Iron". Blood for war, iron for industrialization. In the wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, Bismarck was able to unify Germany. -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The Congress was ended 9 days before Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by creating a new balance of power in Europe. -
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Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of many native Americans, to give space for the United States to conquer more land. -
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Tanzimat Era
The Tanzimat era began with the purpose of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. Various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements. This didn't work as after WW1 the Ottoman Empire fell. -
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Opium War
Sparked by China banning the selling of Opium in their ports by the British, leading to the Opium War where Britain easily defeated China. This lead to a series of exploitative treaties enforced on China by Britain. -
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Mexican-American War
After Texas declared independence from Mexico, it joined the US to much Mexican protest. America moved to protect Texas from Mexico, leading to the Mexican-American War. America won easily and gained Texas, California, and New Mexico. -
The Communist Manifesto Was Published
The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and it was the first time the ideology of Communism was introduced. The book states how the proletariat will be so tired of being explored by the business owning bourgeoisie that they will violently revolt and create a society where everyone is economically equal. -
Seneca Falls Convention
At the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, feminists issued a “declaration of sentiments” modeled on the Declaration of Independence, declaring that women should have the same rights as men, mostly the right to vote. -
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Life of Sergei Witte
Sergei Witte was a prime minister of Russia, who industrialized Russia immensely. He did this by reforming commercial law, protecting infant industries, supporting steamship companies, and promoting nautical and engineering schools. He also looked over the production of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. -
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Unification of Italy
Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s, the many Italian states came together and unified into one major state. This was completed with 3 major Italian nationalists, Giuseppe Mazzini(The Heart), Giuseppe Garibaldi(The Sword), and Camillo de Cavour (The Brain). -
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U.S. Civil War
Started after eleven southern states withdrew from the Union in 1860 and 1861, affirming their right
to dissolve the Union and their support for states’ rights. The main issue was between the north and the south and weather Slavery should be legal or illegal. There was a stalemate for the first 2 years, but on 1 January 1863, however, Abraham Lincoln signed the emancipation Proclamation, making the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the war. Eventually the North won. -
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Unification of Germany
Unification of Germany was brought about under the rule of prime minister, Otto von Bismarck. His motto was blood and iron, blood was the three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, and the iron was the massive industrialization that Germany went under. -
Abolition of Slavery in the United States
Slavery was fully abolished in the Untied States after the end of the Civil War. The signing of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, abolished slavery nationwide. -
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U.S. Reconstruction
The Reconstruction era was the period in United States history immediately following the American Civil War, notable by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the South back into the United States. New laws to create equal rights for newly freed slaves were created during this time. -
Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad Line in the United States
The Transcontinental Railroad Line, was also known as the Pacific Railroad, and it connected the east and west coast. This coast to coast connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. -
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Rule of Porfirio Díaz
Porfirio Díaz was the dictator of Mexico for 35 years, representing the interests of large landowners, wealthy merchants, and foreign investors, not of the Mexican people. His bad and oppressive rule lead to the Mexican Revolution. -
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Mexican Revolution
The Revolution was notable for starting with the overthrowing of Porfirio Díaz. The main issues were the heavy influence of foreign investors in Mexico, poor conditions for the working class, and no land reform for Natives. Madero was the original leader who called for a revolution. This revolution was successful in the means that, it established freedom and democracy, and helped the poor, and it was unsuccessful in the means that, there were too many deaths, 1 party rule, and corruption lasts. -
Introduction of the Assembly Line
The Assembly Line was introduced by Henry Ford, in order to make automobiles more cheaply. With the assembly line, finished products can be assembled faster and with less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for assembly.