Biology timeline

By mortegaphung
  • 384 BCE

    Aristotle describes life with the Scala Naturae

    Idea of a “Natural Leader” which organized all things living and nonliving, humans at the top and mineral at the bottoms.
    Kazlev, M.Alan. Palaeos Systematics: The Great Chain of Being: Aristotle's Scala Naturae, palaeos.com/systematics/greatchainofbeing/scala_naturae.html.
  • Period: 384 BCE to

    Biology TimeLine

  • 166

    Galen of Pergamon describes the human body

    This is where dissection took place, this helped with the knowledge of animal parts; along with the human anatomy.
    "Galen.” Medical Discoveries, www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Galen.html.

  • The Voyage of the HMS Beagle

    This was a trip that Darwin took around the world to observe in plants, animals and geology.
    “A Trip Around the World.” AMNH, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/.

  • Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics

    He proposed that life continued on through natural processes not through miraculous interventions. During this time, this hypothesis was appalling. Many religious people thought that this was a way to discredit gods design.
    Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09.

  • Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes

    Developed important ideas through natural selection which concluded that living things evolve though this theory took him three years to discover. He was on an island and was sick with a fever when he realized that animals involved by adaptation to their environment.
    Kuhn, Anthony. “He Helped Discover Evolution, And Then Became Extinct.” NPR, NPR, 30 Apr. 2013, www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct.

  • The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published

    Charles Darwin published on the origin of species by natural selection. All of his scientific work was of his works where he argued that organisms gradually evolve through the process.
    “Origin of Species Is Published.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/11/24.

  • The Germ Theory of Disease is published

    Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were chemist that researched the study of crystals; later experimenting with fermentation leading to the discovery of disease. After Pasteur's fermentation experiments, Koch established a different method. By 1900s the discovery of the two lead to 21 disease is causing microorganisms.
    “The History of Germ Theory.” Big Picture, bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory.

  • Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation

    This was an experiment that showed how life came about. He boiled some nutrients field brought into a flask and didn’t allow any microbes to enter the flask which displayed that life can come about from anything, even from thin air.
    Author, Contributing. “Louis Pasteur, Spontaneous Generation, and Germ Theory.” ZME Science, ZME Science, 12 May 2016, www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/louis-pasteur-spontaneous-generation-germ-theory/.

  • Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants

    Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. This took him eight years and he grew 10,000 pea plants to lead an accurate experiment.
    “Concept 1Children Resemble Their Parents.” Mendel as the Father of Genetics :: DNA from the Beginning, www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html.

  • The Challenger Oceanography Expedition sails around the world

    This was the first expedition that had a wide range of tests that were ongoing, the knowledge of the ocean was found most in this one expedition.“The Challenger Expedition.” Dive & Discover, divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/the-challenger-expedition/.

  • Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations

    This is based on population and equilibrium.
    Wilkin, Douglas, and Barbara Akre. “Hardy-Weinberg.” CK-12 Foundation, CK-12 Foundation, 16 June 2017, www.ck12.org/biology/hardy-weinberg/lesson/The-Hardy-Weinberg-Model-Advanced-BIO-ADV/.

  • T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage

    Hunt Morgan, used his knowledge from observing that there was more to inheritance than we thought.
    Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452.

  • Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure

    Bohr developed a representation of the structure of an atom and what an atom consisted of.
    Niels Bohr: Biography & Atomic Theory. www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html.

  • Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation

    In bacteria genetics, the process of transformation was developed with the help of DNA.
    “Transforming Principle - Griffith's Experiment About Genetics.” Observation Bias, explorable.com/transforming-principle.

  • Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species

    Dobzhansky was a geneticist an evolutionary biologist. His theory wasn’t to other people. Darwins natural selection with mandolin genetics; synthetic theory.
    Ayala, Francisco J., and Walter M. Fitch. “Genetics and the Origin of Species: An Introduction.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 22 July 1997, www.pnas.org/content/94/15/7691.full.

  • Ensatina described as a ring species

    2.Based on the ring life, distribution of different forms on salamanders; as salamanders moved south, the evolution of new patterns and adaptation to environment were met.
    Stebbins, robert. “Discovering a Ring Species.” Discovering a Ring Species, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/devitt_02.

  • Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis

    This helped with the discovery of effected genes; the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis. “The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis.” Herman the Bull, www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/One_Gene_One_Enzyme.html.

  • Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA

    1. Played a huge role in the development of scuba diving and rose awareness of the endangerment in marine life. “Jacques Cousteau - The Father of Scuba Diving.” RSS, www2.padi.com/blog/2014/01/27/jacques-cousteau-the-father-of-scuba-diving/.

  • Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code

    The substance that causes bacterial transformations is due to the proteins that whole genetic code. Which started testing of bacteria which caused pneumonia and strep.
    “Revealing DNA as the Molecule of Life.” Stories, The Public Engagement Team at the Wellcome Genome Campus, 13 June 2016, www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life.

  • The first atomic bomb is used in war

    The first atomic bomb ever used was the little boy in World War II.History.com Staff. “Atomic Bomb History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2017, www.history.com/topics/atomic-bomb-history.

  • Barbara McClintock describes transposons

    Before transposons, we thought that DNA was of a linear shape; with this discovery the shape was not of linear shapes, it was found that DNA can change in different shapes not just linear. Ravindran, Sandeep. “Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Dec. 2012, www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198.

  • Miller-Urey experiments published

    This was an experiment to show that several organic compounds were of the earths atmosphere.
    “The Miller Urey Experiment.” The Miller Urey Experiment - Windows to the Universe, www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html.

  • Hershey-Chase experiments are published

    This was an experiment on DNA; he believes proteins were carriers of genetic info.
    “The Hershey-Chase Blender Experiments.” PaulingBlog, 29 Oct. 2015, paulingblog.wordEarly Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck, evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09.press.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/.

  • Nirenberg cracks the genetic code

    After the discovery of Watson and Crick, Nirenberg realized that there was more, information that wasn't visible to human eyes but it was there in the DNA.
    Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html.

  • Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure

    Discovered that twisted ladder structure of DNA. This marked a milestone in the scientific community. This explained how James control the chemical processes.
    “The Francis Crick Papers: The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html.

  • Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication

    The knowledge of DNA was barely starting out and the ability to replicate caused nervousness, we were able to discover that there is three ways to replicate.

  • Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”

    This was the discovery of the X-Ray diffraction image; by Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins was colleague who shown Watson & Crick the discovery without clearance to Nobel Piece Prize; unlike Franklin.
    Kazilek. “Rosalind Franklin - DNA.” Kazilek, 19 Aug. 2012, askabiologist.asu.edu/Rosalind_Franklin-DNA.

  • Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis

    This theory derived from the research of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells that helped discover this theory.
    “The Endosymbiotic Theory.” Endosymbiotic Theory, www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html.

  • Apollo 11 lands on the moon

    1. First man mission to land on the moon. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first 2 astronauts to step foot on the moon and extract samples from other planetary body. “Apollo 11 (AS-506).” Apollo 11 (AS-506) | National Air and Space Museum, airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm

  • Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.

    This shoe Dobzhansky's view on life and evolution to reality.
    J., FRANCISCO. “‘Nothing in Biology Makes Sense except in the Light of Evolution’: Theodosius Dobzhansky: 1900–1975 | Journal of Heredity | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Jan. 1977, academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/68/1/3/791230?redirectedFrom=fulltext#.

  • Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered

    A partial skeleton was found in search of evidence of ancient human ancestors in Africa. The Lucy skeleton is said to date back to 3.2 million years of age.
    “Australian Museum.” Australopithecus Afarensis - Australian Museum, australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis.

  • The Sanger Technique is developed

    This development was prominent the ability to know the DNA sequence allowed others to categorize the DNA.
    Sanger Sequencing: Historical Development of Automated DNA Sequencing.” Methods and Technology for Genetic Analysis, 13 Nov. 2012, agctsequencing.wordpress.com/2012/08/01/sanger-sequencing-historical-development-of-automated-dna-sequencing/.

  • Dolly the sheep is cloned

    This sheep was cloned; the first ever from an adult cell. “The Life of Dolly.” Dolly the Sheep, dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html.

  • Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered

    Scientist were interested in the knowledge of why there was peaks in temperature during the trip of the Galapagos rift. National Geographic Society. “Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents.” National Geographic Society, 7 Mar. 2013, www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/.

  • Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria

    In Indonesia, many people suffer with malaria and the examination of where it originated from along with ways to help control is.
    Malaria Distribution, Prevalence, Drug Resistance and Control in Indonesia.” Malaria Distribution, Prevalence, Drug Resistance and Control in Indonesia - ScienceDirect, Academic Press, 3 Feb. 2011, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123858979000021.

  • Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction

    The development allowed scientist to examine a sparse part of DNA. “The History of PCR.” Smithsonian Institution Archives, siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html.

  • CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described

    This helped with immunity and the knowledge of how genes adapt.
    Biolabs, New England. “CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing: New Era in Molecular Biology.” New England Biolabs: Reagents for the Life Sciences Industry, www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology.

  • Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape

    With the new technology, justice was served on this case with the help of genetic analysis.
    Rapist Convicted on DNA Match. www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html.

  • Richard L Bible is executed

    This execution was apart of the first uses of DNA technology. Enea, Joe. “Death Row Diaries: The First Use of DNA Technology in an Arizona Murder Case.” KNXV, 18 June 2016, www.abc15.com/news/crime/death-row-diaries-the-first-use-of-dna-technology-in-an-arizona-murder-case.

  • “Reproductive isolation as a consequence of adaptive divergence in Drosophila pseudoobscrur a” published.

    Debate over which type if mechanism of premating or postmating is to develop first and how to isolate reproduction in biological species.
    Dodd, Diane M. B. “Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in Drosophila Pseudoobscura.” Evolution, vol. 43, no. 6, 1989, p. 1308., doi:10.2307/2409365.

  • The Innocence Project is founded

    This projected allowed prisoners to see whether they were truly rightfully convicted or whether the real criminal was still out in the world.
    “The Innocence Project.” Philanthropedia, www.myphilanthropedia.org/top-nonprofits/national/criminal-justice/2011/the-innocence-project.

  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered

    Oldest known species to man in human family tree.
    “Sahelanthropus Tchadensis.” The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program, 9 Feb. 2016, humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis.

  • Human genome is fully sequenced

    1. The goal was the creation of physical and genectic maps of DNA. This project now is able to say that the human genome is completely sequenced. The project had volunteers donate blood up to 10 times to br extensively observed. “Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions.” National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/.

  • Homo denisova fossil discovered

    Small fossil finger found; in a cave in the mountains of southern Siberia mitochondrial DNA was it was tested up along tonight and I thought warm water and human. They need it for unknown causes of DNA.
    “Fossil Hominids: The Denisovans.” The Denisovan Genome and Fossils, www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html.

  • Spliceosomes were discovered and described

    2 unique spliceosomes coexist in eukaryotes; which are converted to mRNA splicing.
    Will, Cindy L. “Cindy L. Will.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Jan. 1970, cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/7/a003707.full.