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Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
Sharecropping was a system of working fields owned by other people were able to share. This system was very popular after the Civil War, during the Reconstruction. Sharecroppers offered labor in fields, while the farm owners offered the cost. This system was mainly for former slaves. -
Black Codes
Quickly after the Civil War ended, the black codes were created. These codes allowed African Americans to have certain rights, such as ownership in properties, legalizing marriages. These codes were the beginning of freedom for African Americans and any other slaves that were free, but were limited in their rights. -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment was the outcome of the Civil War. This amendment grants freedom to all the slaves that have been working their lives as property. This was the beginning of all non-white citizens to start their journey living free. Free at last. -
14th Amendment
In the 14th Amendment it gave anyone who was born in the U.S. the rights to have citizenship. In many court cases this amendment was used to argue. Many of the court cases were successful some weren't. This amendment was argued to have the same rights as the whites. -
15th Amendment
The 15th amendment gives all man the right to vote, no matter what race or color the man was. This was another step all U.S. citizen was able to be free. This was the beginning to start living the free way. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws were made to segregate between the colored and the whites. These laws were introduced after the Civil War, when the colored had the freedom to live as citizens. These segregation between colored and white gave whites better treatment while the colored where treated terribly. For example, whites had cleaner restrooms while the colored had non-sanitized restrooms. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
The separation of transportation between the whites and blacks. Whites were banned to sit in black cars, blacks were banned to sit in white cars. Homer Plessy was one-eighth black but appeared as a white man. After the court case, there was a rise of a racial caste society. -
CORE
This program gave tactics for modern civil rights movements. Sit-ins, were involved from this program, other civil disobedience acts were also connected toward this program. This program gave non-violent protesting, to show the want of equality. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector P. Garcia founded the the American GI Forum, which helped Mexican American children. This foundation helped Mexican Americans stay in school and not drop out. His want for Mexican Americans to be protect was similar to how Martin Luther King, Jr, was for the colored. -
Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience was an act where the colored disobeyed the law. This was a way they protested, for example the sit-ins colored did was an act of civil disobedience. In this act, many colored were arrested by disobeying the law. This brought spark to lots of media. -
Lynching
This act was very violent where a mob killed many people in the southern mostly African Americans. This was a hate crime where whites killed the colored for being colored. This act is mostly serve as a punishment that people did to all those who disobeyed, such as segregation laws. -
Brown vs. Board of Eduction
Known to be the greatest Supreme Court decision in the 20th Century, the court was deciding whether or not racial segregation of children in public schools violated the "Equal Protection Clause". The struggle in accepting interracial into public school was tough. This brought a movement in struggle for equality for every race in America. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was apart of the court case "Brown vs. Board of Education". He argued in the Supreme court that segregation was unconstitutional in public schools. Later Marshall went on to argue more court cases, won most cases. He was a famous black lawyer at the time. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott was a spark to occur for 13 months until Supreme Court said that segregation in buses were unconstitutional. Rosa Parks was the "first" to spark this boycott. The first who did start this boycott was 15-year-old, Claudette Colvin. She was tired to get out of her seat, she was arrested later that same day. -
Desegregation
This was the want of lots of people, not just colored. There was a demand in ending segregation and by that lots of people protested but in an non-violent way. This way, they can seem the innocent and trying to be a regular U.S. citizen. This was looked upon to have the same rights as the whites no matter what race or color. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a teenager who was brutally murdered for a non-crime. Till was from the Northern, came to visit family members. Till was naive that the South was very segregated he ended up murdered. Till's death demonstrated to the country that he was innocent and violently murdered for no reason, but did not win justice. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was a woman who stood for her rights. Unfortunately, Parks was arrested for standing up for her rights. She was the woman everyone knows that refused to give up her seat in the bus. This impacted the community of the colored by getting together and stop this segregation, there needed to be an equality. -
Orval Faubus
Orval Faubus was a Democratic Governor in Arkansas. He was famous for playing the role of being for segregation in Arkansas. For example, Faubus was a fan of segregation coming from Little Rock Central High School. He ordered there to be National Guardsmen to block the school to become integrated. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This act did not pass any new laws but that did not guarantee a ballot for African Americans. This was the first civil-rights bill to placed that were supported mostly by the whites in the Northern. This act did not give much protection to the colored, no halt of discrimination was passed. -
Little Rock Nine
This event occurred after the court case, "Brown vs. The Board of Education", nine students attended a white Little Rock school in Arkansas. This nine students were selected specifically because they were brave enough to go to this white school. These students were only given protection outside the grounds of the school. This gave potential that there could be a possibility that schools would soon be integrated. -
SCLC
This was an organization based on the Montgomery Bus boycott. This Southern Christian Leadership Conference was set up to protest in a non-violent way and let all the country to know that everyone should have equal rights and not just the whites. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action was the result in of the 1960's Civil Rights Movement. This action was focused on improving the rights of African Americans in both employment and education. This action was taken on as an action of equality. -
Sit-ins
Sit-ins were started to show non-violent measures address by Martin Luther King, Jr. A famous sit-in occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina. College students went to this restaurant to protest in a non-violent way. These sit-ins were made for the country to see the righteousness of their cause. -
Freedom Riders
This act of violence was caused by whites that attack all the colored coming from the North. The whites would wait for the colored in buses and violently beat them, some other whites in the buses were also brutally beaten, because they helped the colored. These acts were made and the colored did not fight back because of the non-violent protest belief. -
George Wallace
George Wallace was for segregation. He was also an elected Democratic from Alabama that ran for presidency. He's most recognized for being the symbol of segregation during this time. -
Non-violent Protest
Non-violent protest was most popular during the Civil Rights Movement, where the colored protested without any violence. This non-violent protest was made to spark attention on not having equal rights. This protesting brought attention to many, some hated this protest some supported it. The end result of this protest led to what people strived for and that was equal rights. -
Ole Miss Integration
James Meredith was to enroll in the University of Mississippi. This integration struck a huge violent chaos, which had many injured. JFK was soon notified with this act of segregation and ordered National Guardsmen to enforce order. This situation was the result of the famous court case, Brown vs. The Board of Education. -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan stood for her rights as a woman, by this belief it lead her to start her own book called, "The Female Mystique." This book was famous because it represented the want of equal rights for women and the frustrations that women received in this time period. She was considered to be a leading figure for the women's movement in America. -
U of Alabama Integration
A federal district court decided to allow African Americans to attend the University of Alabama. Vivien Malone and James Hood were the students chosen to attend this University during the summer session. There was a petition that ran to not let integration occur in Alabama even if there were stand in schoolhouse doors. This led to start to more integration in public schools. -
Martin Luther King, Jr
Martin Luther King, Jr, was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He was concedered the leader of this group. He led this group by boycotting in a different way, for example the March in Washington where he shared his famous speech "I Have a Dream", describing the want of every race/ color to have the equality. To stop segregation. -
March on Washington
200,000 demonstrators attended this march on August 28, 1963. This march was attended to give the country a view of the want of equality. Lots of speeches were brought this day, but one special speech stood out this day. Martin Luther King, Jr's, speech was the one that brought inspiration to bring equality, his famous speech "I Have A Dream", was presented this day. -
Lester Maddox
Lester Maddox was a man who did not approve of the Civil Rights Act of 19. Maddox owned a restaurant "Pickrick Cafeteria" that only served to whites. Even after this act was established, Maddox refused to attend colored or other races of people that were not white inside his restaurant. He claimed to have the right to not let the colored in because it was his own private property. This showed people still believed in segregation during this time. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
JFK first to propose this act, in order for the colored to have the same rights as whites without discrimination. This act protected anyone who was discriminated, this act made any discrimination illegal. This was the beginning of segregation to end, especially in the south. Every public place is open to anyone no matter what race that person is. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act was aimed for African Americans to start their act in voting, based on the 15th Amendment. This act gave African Americans the beginning of what a real U.S citizen is without discrimination. No violence toward any other race. -
Watts Riots
There was a huge rebellion that struck during this time which later had to be handled by many arrests and Martin Luther King, Jr being involved with this Watts incident. This rebellion was a racial tension that had broken out between two white officers and a black man, who was getting arrested. Watts later become place more rebellion in the next few years, in 1967. -
Stokely Carmicheal
Stokely Carmichael is most remembered by his term name "Black Power". Carmichael was the leader of NAG (the Non-Violent Action Group) along with the SNCC (the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee). Later the message of Black Power arose as the Chairman. -
Black Panthers
This party was created by African Americans, started their own party because they believed Martin Luther King, Jr. way of leading the civil rights movement was not working. This party was created by Bobby Seale and Huey Percy Newton. This party used violence to protest the civil movement. -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was a farmer who started National Farm Workers Association, now called the United Farm Workers. Later this organization was fighting for the recognization of farmers and their struggles in the farms. Issues in the farms included not getting paid a fair salary, not working in safe conditions. -
Title IX (9)
This title is made for both sexes are equal financially, educationally related. Both sexes have the same amount of money and school acceptance no matter what gender. This title is an impact in society because it gives us the right to be equal no matter what gender we are. No gender gets less or more, everyone gets the same amount.