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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Civil Rights: goal to protect individual freedom from the government
- A group of students founded it
- Counseled migrants and black social workers
- 1st action was a "sit-in" at a segregated coffee shop
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Executive Order 9981
Segregation, Separating something by its characteristics.
President Truman signed the Executive Order 9981
All troops will serve together with no racial boundary. -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case. NAACP's lawyer.
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school that was closer to her home. Case was argued in front of the Warren court.
-Public Schools become de-segregated. -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
- Color Line: A law or barrier created by the people that separated whites from other colors
- Dodgers manager Branch Rickey hired Jackie Robinson to play for the team
- Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play a professional American sport and was attacked by other teams and teammates even
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott & Rosa Parks- Rosa Parks was a black women who refused to give up her seat on the bus and was arrested for it. Black people got mad and decided not to ride the bus for a while for a boycott
- Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the Boycott -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine- The first nine black students to attend a white high school
-Each student had there own personal body guard to protect them from racist students
-The students were still attacked both verbally and physically -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
Jim Crow Laws & Sit-in- They would sit at lunch counter that wouldn't sell to blacks as a nonviolent protest
College Students became the leaders when it came to the sit-ins
Ella Baker who was the leader of SCLC said that students should create there own organization and they trained them on how to protest for civil rights -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience & SNCC- taught to break laws that they thought were unjustStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-Black and white people rode on the interstate buses to and through the south to see if the Supreme court laws were being followed.
- The first bus was burnt down and all the rides got out safe but were beaten by the southern people and when the other people riders showed up the bus tires were slashed and they were also beaten. -
Birmingham Campaign
SCLC- Southern Christian Leader Conference
Many unsolved bombings in black neighborhoods targeting black people
SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. joined in to help the black people get rights
They did sit-ins and marched to the Birmingham city hall and was arrested for not having a permit -
March on Washington
-NAACP- National Association for the Advanced Colored People
-The March on Washington was participated by thousands of black people and even about sixty thousand white folks
They were marching for blacks job rights and freedom -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson- Was a case in supreme court which was about state racial segregation and discrimination
President Lyndon Johnson pushed to pass a bill to ban discrimination no matter your race, sex, or religion
Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, and Jackie Robinson were in the march at Washington to fight for Civil Rights along with 250,000 other people -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise-
This act was passed by congress so that black people could not be denied the right to vote.
Federal Government was also supposed to supervise votes in an area where there less than half of able voters registered to vote. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam, Malcom X- the Nation of Islam is black muslims. Malcom is a black boy who became a criminal in his teen years and finally got arrested and thrown into jail and introduced to the Nation of Islam.
-the Nation of Islam supported the Black Nationalism doctrine that says they should be separated from white people
- Malcom was assassinated by three black muslims while giving a speech -
Swann v. Charlotte- Mechlenberg Board of Education
desegregation- Ending the policy of racial segregation
The debate of Swann v. Charlotte- Mechlenberg Board of Education was passed by saying that buses could be used to transport students to school -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission & ghettos- A ghetto is where a certain group of people rather by race or religion or where they came from live
- Watts riot was a violent riot in Los Angeles where 34 people died and 4,000 people were arrested and over 1,000 troops of the National Guard were sent in and housed were burnt down and looted causing $54 million of damage. -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power- For black people to have economic and political power
-It was founded by Carmichael after being released by the police just for setting up a tent.
Martin Luther King Jr. scolded Carmichael for trying to protect him against the cops but
- Carmichael gave a speech to his fellow black people talking about black power and pretty much saying they can't be nice with there protesting because it just won't work -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power- blacks having economic and political power
-Stokely Carmichael introduced the idea of black power
-Black Power was introduced by the SNCC leader
- They would take violent action to get what they wanted -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination- not letting someone do something because of there race, religion, or sex
- The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed to ban discrimination in sale, rental, and housing finances based off of race, religion, or sex
- The government was able to apply lawsuits to the people who went did discriminate people for that
The act was passed by the Congress after being pushed by Martin King -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action- Forces employers to increase the amount of minority to there workforce
-The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was a debate taken to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court said that the University can turn down anybody they want to but not because of there race so Allan Bakke was able to attend the medical school
