-
After The Civil War
Many African American people immigrated to large, northern cities -
NAAC's Founding
The NAAC was founded in part by W.E.B. Du Bois -
National Urban League
The National Urban League was founded to help make sure African Americans had good homes and fair treatment at work -
LULAC
The League of United Latin American Citizens was founded in 1929 to try and achieve equality for hispanics. -
Anti-Lynching Bills
NAAC succeeded in getting two anti-lynching bills passed in the 1930’s. -
New Deal
More African American people began working for the federal government, and also black votes started to count. -
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded by pacifists to try and bring about racial change peacefully. -
WWII
There was another round of African American immigration to northern cities, increasing the African American population and therefore voting influence in cities. -
Segregation of Hispanics Ruling
A Federal Court District ruled that segregation of hispanic students is unconstitutional. -
Native American Struggles (Termination)
The Federal Government tried to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream AMerican life and completely be rid of reservations (this was called termination), but the plan was met with resistance and was ultimately discarded. -
Brown vs Board of Education
In Brown vs Board of Education, Oliver Brown sued in order to allow his daughter to attend a nearby whites-only school. Thurgood Marshall of NAAC was their lawyer. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled school segregation to be unconstitutional.
African Americans rejoiced at the verdict, and most northern whites hoped that it would take place peacefully. -
Southern Manifesto
A lot of southern whites, however, disagreed with the Brown vs Board of Education ruling. In the southern manifesto, more than 90 Congress members disagreed with the Supreme Court ruling and refused to comply. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott/Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person, leading to her arrest and the organization of the Montgomery Bus Boycott where all African American people boycotted the bus until they changed the segregation laws. -
Bus Segregation Ruling
The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was also unconstitutional. -
The Little Rock Nine
In the fall of 1957, angry whites refused to allow the 9 students who were supposed to attend a white school that year actually go. Eisenhower saw that this was challenging his and the Supreme Court’s authority, and sent troops to protect the students. -
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or SCLC, was created to advocate nonviolent protests.
Martin Luther King and other leaders like him advocated for a non-violent fight for change, even when the whites tried to use violence against them. -
SNCC
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, known as SNCC, was created so that students could have an active role in the struggle for change.