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Dred Scott v. Sandford
U.S. Constitution did not apply an American citizenship to people of African descent, and because of that they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution provides to American citizens. -
13th amendment
The 13th Amendment forever abolished slavery as an institution in all US states and territories. In addition to outlawing slavery, the amendment also outlawed servitudes and peonage. Forced servitude, or pioneer labor, is when a person is forced to work to pay off debts. -
14th Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment made anyone born or naturalized in the United States a citizen, even former slaves, and guaranteed that all citizens are treated equally under the law, applying the rules of the Bill of Rights to the states too. -
15th Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment says no one can be stopped from voting based on their race, color, or if they used to be a slave. It became part of the Constitution on February 3, 1870, as the final of three changes made during the Reconstruction period. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". -
Nineteenth Amendment
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect to recognizing the right of women to vote. -
Brown v. Board of Education
the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. -
24th Amendment
The Twenty-fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. -
Affirmative Action
Executive Order 11246 was issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24, 1965, and it forbade employers who receive federal contracts and subcontracts from engaging in employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin. -
Equal Rights Amendment
secured full equality for women. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters -
Title IX
Title IX is the most commonly used name for the landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
the U.S. Supreme Court declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas -
Bowers v. Hardwick
The supreme court’s ruled that the right for gay individuals to engage in sodomy was not protected by the Constitution, that the Georgia law was legal, and that the charges against Hardwick would stand. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications -
Voter ID Laws
A voter identification law is one that stipulates that a person must present identification before they can cast a ballot. Voters without picture IDs frequently have to have their identities confirmed by a third party or sign a Challenged Voter Affidavit before they may obtain a ballot in areas that require them. -
Shelby County v Holder
An important turning point for voting rights in the US was the Shelby County decision. In its ruling, the Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which established the methodology for figuring out which areas were protected by Section 5, on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
According to the 14th Amendment, every state must permit same-sex weddings and recognize unions that were legally consummated outside of the state.