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Period: Nov 10, 1483 to Feb 18, 1546
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a promoter of the teaching of reading in schools. He pushed for universal education. Todays importance in reading education can be partially attributed to him. He translated the Bible from Latin to vernacular language, allowing people to be educated in their own language. -
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John Amos Comenius
Spent his whole life teaching school and writing text books. He wrote two famous books called "The great Didactic" and "Orbis Pictus", the first picture book for children. He thought early experiences formed what a child would be like. He believed education should begin in the early years because " a young plant can be planted, transplanted, pruned and bent this way or that. When it has become a tree these processes are impossible". He also said education should occur through the senses. -
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John Locke
He is best known for his theory of mind as a blank tablet, tabularasa.
Believed children's experiences determine who they are. Experiences are the basis of all learning. According to Locke, development came from the stimulation, children recieve from parents and cargivers and through experiences they have in their environment. -
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Jean - Jacques Rousseau
He is best remembered for his book Emile, the opening lines of which set the tone for his education and politicalviews: " God makes all things good ; man meddles with them and they become evil." Because of this belief Rousseau advocated the "natural" education of young children, encouraging growth without undue interference or restrictions. -
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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Influenced by both Comenius and Rousseau. He advocated education should follow the course of nature, all education is based on sensory and through the proper sensory experiences, children can achieve their natural potential. He developed "object lessons", manipulatives that encouraged activities such as counting, measuring, feeling, and touching. He promoted the idea that the mother could best teach children. His two books are "how gertrude teachers her children" and " book for mothers". -
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Robert Owen
Robert Owen was born in 1771. At 10, he was sent to London to be apprenticed as a draper and by his early twenties he was a successful manager in the mills of Manchester. The working conditions there appalled him. He believed character was formed by experience and that the dreadful environment of child workers would inevitably lead to damaged and dehumanised adults. Therefore he taught that education can help build a new society. -
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Friedrich Wilhelm August Frobel
In 1837 Friedrich Froebel founded his own school and called it "kindergarten," or the children's garden. He labeled his approach as "self-activity." This idea allows the child to be led by his own interests and to freely explore them. The teacher's role, therefore, was to be a guide rather than lecturer. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/pioneers-our-field-friedrich-froebel-founder-first-kindergarten/ -
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Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
American educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States. Peabody also served as the translator for the first English version of a Buddhist scripture which was published in 1844. -
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Susan Blow
An important leader in education from Missouri. American educator who opened the first successful public Kindergarten in the United States. Known as the "Mother of the Kindergarten." By the time of her death in 1916, more than 400 cities had kindergartens in the public schools. Women in History: Susan Blow, Founder of U.S. Kindergartens. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.historyhappenshere.org/node/6931 -
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John Dewey
John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist. His quotes:
Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. The self is not something ready-made, but something in continuous formation through choice of action. Failure is instructive. The person who really thinks learns quite as much from his failures as from his successes. Educate children for today - not tomorrow. -
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Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori is a name you have probably heard as the Montessori school system is being used in over 4,000 early childhood education programs. Learning materials to meet the needs of young children. Sensory-based materials that are self-correcting. Prepared environments are essential for learning. Respect for children is the foundation of teaching. -
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Jean Piaget
To Piaget, there were several factors in a child's cognitive development. He felt that the most critical one was the interactions with a child's peers. These interactions lead to cognitive conflicts which turned into arguing and debating with their peers. This conflict requires the child to decenter themselves and look at the other person's point of view. He found that children are more free to confront ideas when working with peers compared to when they are talking to adults. -
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Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory, which emphasizes importance of interpersonal relationships in social and cognitive development. Concept of zone of proximal development - children can learn more with the help of a more competent person. Communication between teachers and children can act as a means of scaffolding to higher levels of learning. -
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Erik Homberger Erikson
Theory of psychosocial development - cognitive development occurs in conjunction with social development. Life is a series of eight stages with each stage representing a critical period in social development. How parents and teachers interact with and care for children helps determine their emotional and cognitive development. -
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Abraham Maslow
Theory of self - actualization based on needs motivation. Human development is a process of meeting basic needs throughout life. Humanistic psychology. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html -
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological systems theory views the child as developing within a system of relationships. Five interrelating system - microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem - have a powerful impact on development. Each system infulenced by children and their environments. -
NAEYC
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), a large nonprofit association in the United States. NAEYC’s mission is to serve and act on behalf of the needs, rights, and well-being of all young children with primary focus on the provision of educational and developmental services and resources. -
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Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences. Intelligence consists of nine abilities. Intelligence is not a single broad ability, but rather a set of abilities. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/faculty/howard-gardner -
The Economic Opportunity Act ( EOA )
The EOA implemented several social programs to promote the health, education, and general welfare of people with low socioeconomic status and was designed to put them to work. The EOA was passed in August, 1964. The EOA provided for the beginning of Head Start in 1965. The EOA was later updated as the Head Start Act of 1981. http://www.csd.ca.gov/AboutUs/History.aspx -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA )
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was last reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002 as Public Law 107-110. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was originally passed 1965. Recent reauthorizations include the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 and Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994. -
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act
Before 1975, public schools had few obligations to children with disabilities. Especially those with severe disabilities were kept out of the public schools, segregated from their non-disabled peers. However, in 1975 this changed with the passage of The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which required all schools receiving federal funding to provide handicapped children equal access to education and mandated that they be placed in the least restrictive educational environment possible. -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA )
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that requires schools to serve the educational needs of eligible students with disabilities. Schools must evaluate students suspected of having disabilities, including learning disabilities. Not every child with learning and attention issues qualifies for special education services under IDEA. The purpose of IDEA is to protect the rights of children with disabilities and to give parents a voice in their child’s education. -
No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB )
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, was enacted on Jan. 8, 2002 by President Bush. NCLB represented a significant step forward for our nation’s children in many respects, particularly as it shined a light on where students were making progress and where they needed additional support, regardless of race, income, zip code, disability, home language, or background. This law was the main law fr K-12 general education in the United States from 2002- 2015. -
The Preschool for All initiative
President Obama called on Congress to expand access to high-quality preschool to every child in America, called The Preschool for All initiative. -
Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA )
Signed by President Obama on December 10, 2015, and represents good news for our nation’s schools. This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students. No Child Left Behind was replaced by this Every Student Succeeds Act.