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1500
Iroquois
-Used the barter system to trade: the value of objects defined according to one’s needs.
-Trade network between families, groups, and the various tribes
-They transported by canoes or snowshoes
-Men were hunters, women were farmers and elderly took care of the children. -
Period: 1500 to
Economy and Development
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1501
European fisheries
-Before fur trade fish was extremely important.
-There were many European fisheries.
-They were in contact sometimes with the aboriginals, their meetings were not always peaceful. -
Alliances and rivalries
-Europeans were alliances with certain aboriginals.
-Europeans were at times pulled into Native conflicts.
-The Natives who were pulled into battles for European control of resources. -
Economy based on fur trade
-Fur trade became extremely important for the economy
-Fish was no longer as important.
-Small population, which required the Natives alliance to do the hunting.
-Exploration and enlargement of territory to search for more and more furs. New France.
-Establishment of trading posts: foundation of the towns of Quebec and Three Rivers.e was constantly expanding. -
Chartered companies
-Called the 100 Associates.
-System based on privileges and obligations.
-They were the only ones allowed to do fur trade, only if they developed New France.
-They did not develop the country on purpose so they could have the resources to themselves.
-Their privilege was soon taken away. -
Mercantilism
-It’s a way of financial organization theory
-European Countries thought it was essential to possess as much gold as possible.
-They accomplished this by exporting more than they imported.
-They took in natural resources from colonies they had control over and sold finished goods.
-Created a ton of money. -
Agricultural activity
-Subsistence agriculture: planting just enough to provide for your family.
-Jean Talon attempted to diversify the economy, but failed.
-There was too much demand for the fur trade.
-There was not enough people with different skills to diversify. -
Economy based on fur trade: British Regime
-Fur-trade economy passes into the hands of the English.
-Creation of the North-West Company, after the American Revolution.
-Merge with the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821.
-Decline in the fur trade by the beginning of the 19th century. -
Economy based on timber
-The fur trade died.
-Wood was extremely important to construct buildings, boats...
-Blockade by Napoleon.
-Rise of the demand of timber.
-New jobs: lumberjacks, loggers and sawmill.
-Farmers worked in the timber trade in the winter.
-Improvement and development of transportation. -
BMO
-Bank of Montreal was created to help with timber trade.
-It allowed people to invest and obtain credit.
-The bank would use the money you put in to loan it to someone else to create an industry. -
Economic policies
-Trade with Britain was doing extremely well until, Britain ended its protectionist treatment with Canada in order to explore new markets.
-They establish free trade.
-Canada needed a new trade alliance
-Canada signs a Reciprocity treaty with the USA in 1854
-This treaty meant customs/duties between the two countries temp. ceased. Proved advantages For Canadian producers, because the states were such a large market. -
Exploitation of ressources
-Exploitation of resources by sector and by period such as agriculture, forest, mining ans hydroelectricity.
- Natural resources are exploited.
-Source of capital in different economic sectors.
-Birth of Crown corporations. -
Population changes
-The population of Quebec rose 30-49%
-Birthrate remained very high.
-People kept leaving the country to urban areas.
-new unskilled labor demands.
-Better jobs in the USA, Ontario and Western Canada.
-Early unions and strikes were looked down on.
-The rich lived well, but most did not.
-1/3 of children didn’t live to their first birthday, there was a high mortality rate. -
Workers’ demands
-Development of unions.
-The first unions: CTCC
-the larger central unions: CSN, FTQ, CSQ
-The nature of the demands: working conditions and living conditions.
-Strikes and lockouts -
National policy
-Favored immigration from the US.
-It called for high tariffs on imported manufactured items to protect the manufacturing industry.
- introduced by John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party.
-Increased Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
First Phase Industrialization in Quebec
-Skilled craftsmen were not needed anymore.
-Work was quick and more efficient. but boring.
-The first manufacturing industries were powered by coal/steam engines.
-There we many new industries in Montreal, such as dairy and textile. -
Urban Expansion
-Development in the cities.
-Concentration of services.
-Infrastructure
-Development of suburbs.
-Rural exodus. -
Black Thursday
-The stock market crashed.
-Panic overwhelmed the city.
-Most people lost almost all their money.
-Many committed suicide this day. -
The great depression
-Stock market crashed.
-People couldn't pay their debt to the banks.
-People needed their money back all at once.
-Banks couldn't provide the money.
-The people had no money,
-Massive lay offs
-Families bought as little as possible
-The country fell into a depression. -
Government solutions
- The government was trying to find ways to boost the economy and the populations profit. They had: -Public works projects. -Work Camps. -Direct Aid -People were given food stamps. -Encouraged Farming
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WW2
-World war 2 began.
-The country had to spend money for the war, such as for weapons.
-Women had to work since the men were gone.
-This boosted the economy.
-The depression ended.
-period of traditionalism and conservatism. -
Maurice Duplessis
-Encouraged people to go to the country.
-Made pavement roads in country.
-Made agriculture the #1 exporting goods for Quebec.
-Quebec was being held back, while the rest of the world was advancing. -
Quiet revolution
-Electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Part.
-The beginning of the welfare state.
-A massive increase in government intervention.
-They pushed Quebec to catch up with the rest of the world.
-They forced certain education.
-Hydro Quebec became owned by the government.
-The power of the church was weakened. -
Oil crisis
-Led to a recession.
-Led to the Disengagement of the State.
-Many government companies were privatized.
-Oil prices got significantly higher. -
Creation of the hydro damn
-Created in the James bay.
-It made hydro electricity more accessible.
-It flooded land.
-It made electricity cheaper for the country.
