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1500
Barter System
-Barter means trading
-It was done by the natives
-The natives didn't have cash so they traded products
-The natives weren't into collecting wealth and they only took what they needed
-The Algonquins who were nomades traded with the Huron and the Iroquois who were sedentary
-The Algonquins traded fur and meat for corn and other agricultural products from the Iroquois and the Huron
-The trading network happened between families, groups, and tribes -
1500
Roles of the Natives
-In the native society had different roles in their villages (Iroquois) and camps (Algonquins) for men and women
-The men hunted for meat and fur (mainly beaver)
-The women did the agriculture and looked over the farm -
1500
Modes of Transportation
-The natives taught the Europeans how to use the Canadian modes of transportation
-Canoes that were made from birch trees
-The canoes were huge and so were the birch trees they came from
-Snowshoes that were made with wood for the shape and animal skin weaved around the wood exterior
-The Europeans nor the Natives could have survived the Canadian winters without snowshoes -
Period: 1500 to
Economy and Development
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Fish
-Fish is a very good resource in Europe because they are mostly Catholic
-The Catholic eat fish on Fridays because you're not supposed to eat red meat
-The French arrive in New France and they are fishing a lot
-They were very easy to catch because there were so many in the water it would slow down their boat
-The fish could have been smoked, salted and sundried
-Sun dried is the cheapest and the grossest
-Smoked and salted tasted better -
Fur
-The Europeans are now arriving in New France to slaughter beavers to make hats
-They were killed in winter because their coat was the thickest
-They kill all the animals so they need to expand their hunting territory because they killed all the animals in that previous region -
Company of One Hundred Associates
-The company of One Hundred Associates is made up of 100 companies
-The company went to New France, collected raw materials then brought it to France to be made into a finished product
-Then they were brought back to New France to be sold
-This company's goal was to grow the colony and they were supposed to bring 4000 people to the colony
-They failed on purpose because they wanted to keep exploiting the resources
-The fewer people in New France, the more animals there were that they could kill -
What Happens to the Land
-Since they need to spread out so much they have a huge territory of land
-They use it to capture fur
-They are extremely lucky that they have an extensive river system
-They were very spread out
-So they had a thin population in all parts of the land
-Which made it hard to defend the territory -
Difference between English and French methods of making money
-The French decided to use the mercantilism system
-The British decided to use the raw materials to make finished products in their colony, which made more money
-The thirteen colonies encouraged people to make new businesses
-Also since the English were making the finished products in the colony it encouraged immigration because there were more jobs -
Mercantilism System
-It makes the king richer
-It's a system where raw materials from New France are brought to France
-In France, they are turned into finished products
-Then the finished products are brought back to New France to be sold
-This way the king knows exactly how many items there are being sent to New France and he’ll make more money because he'll make sure all the proceeds go to him
-English colonies didn’t do this and their population grew
-Mercantilism system was not favorable to the population -
Raw Materials
-The raw materials that were exported from New France to France were sent to be made into finsihed products
-Fur and timber were the raw materials that were sent
-They were turned into beaver fur hats
-The timber was collected in New France because Napoleon had blocked off the trade route to collect the timber from Europe -
Timber
-The trade route to get the timber from Europe was blocked by Napoleon
-So Britain decided to get their timber from New France
-This created the Bank of Montreal so people would be able to invest and obtain credits
-This also created new jobs such as: loggers, lumberjacks, and employees of sawmills
-This also led to the creation of new transportation: canals, railroads, and steamships -
Opening of Regions of Colonization
-Overpopulation of industries = led to the opening up of new regions
-The timber industry caused the development and the opening of new regions
-Such as Mauricie, Outaouais, and the Laurentides -
Reciprocity Treaty
-Britain used to treat Canada really well and would tax them less on trades because they liked them
-But then the Britains decided to trade with and give special treatment to another colony
-So Canada decided to find another colony to trade with aswell
-They ended up signing the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States
-This treaty gives them ten years of free trade between each other's colonies
-It was really good for Canadian producers because the United States had a huge population -
First Phase of Industrialization
-In the late 19th century
-Making finished products (clothes, shoes)
-Skilled craftsmen using methods that were costly and time-consuming
-The first factories were assembly lines
-The factories were efficient but dangerous and boring
-These first manufacturing industries were powered by steam/coal
-They would burn the coal which would heat the water which created the steam
-Industries in Montreal were: fish, fur, timber/wheat, then dairy (cheese) -
Population Change
-Immigration increased because of the National Policy
-The birth rate in Quebec remained really high because of the Church and the Catholic religion
-The farms were still overcrowded
-People were moving to the United States or to Montreal away from the country where there were too many people
-People were moving to the States because of: better job opportunities, better pay, less hour, and more respect
-The infant mortality was very high
-33.3% infants die before the age of one -
The National Policy
-There were three points in the National Policy
-Increase Custom Duties: this means to protect/promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods
-Building Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was built to run coast to coast. The purpose was to unify people and increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: They wanted to encourage immigration especially in Western Canada because the bigger population meant a bigger market. -
Urban Expansion
Some causes were:
-The development in cities such as transportation, hospitals, education, infrastructure, aqueducts, and sewers
-The development of the suburbs
-Rural exodus because the farms were way too crowded -
Workers demands
-They wanted a union
-They wanted fair pay
-They didn't want to be beaten
-They wanted better living conditions -
Second Phase of Industrialization
-Exploitation of resources: agriculture, forest, mining, hydroelectricity
-Exploiting natural resources: ore, pulp, paper
-Source of capital in different economic sectors
-Birth of Crown Corporations
-A Crown Corporations is when the government owns the business (so at that time owned by the British)
-An example of a Crown Corporation now would be Canada Post -
Union
-A union is a group of workers that come together to fight against their boss but not directly
-They become a member of the union (they pay a fee)
-The union protects them from bad working conditions and form unfair or unstable pay
-There is a representative that deals with the boss of the companies
-The representative will tell the boss that the workers will go on strike or work slower which will have negative effects on the company so the boss will agree to better their conditions -
Working and living conditions
-They lived in the middle of the city with very bad air pollution
-Their houses were small with several families in each
-Their houses were full of safety hazards
-There was a lot of bacteria and germs
-Most babies didn't live past the age of one
-They were very poor
-The women made less than men and kids made less than women
-Their working conditions were really dangerous
-The factories were packed with people and machines
-Kids would be used to do dangerous tasks in small spaces -
Great Depression
-The cause of the great depression was the stock market crash in 1929
-It happened because people were buying shares in companies on borrowed money
-On the "Black Thursday" the stocks dropped below zero
-This resulted in people being ruined and many committed suicide
-There were massive layoffs
-People bought as little as possible
-The Great Depression ended in 1939 when the Second World War ended -
Stock Market Crash (Cause of Great Depression) part 1
-Reason for crash: the roaring 20s
-There was lots of money because of the war
-People were cashing in their war bonds so they had extra cash
-They invested their money in stocks
-They would take out a loan from the bank and use it to buy a share in companies (investments)
-When you deposit money in the bank it keeps 10% of money and loans out other 90%
-On October 20th stock prices started to drop
-Everyone started to sell their shares right away to get the most money as possible -
Stock Market Crash (Cause of Great Depression) part 2
-They didn’t make any profit
-They couldn’t return the money they borrowed from the bank
-People started losing money
-Everyone began to panic and started to keep their money when they should have been spending it
-If people had spent their money it would have fixed the depression
-So basically share prices dropped and that set off a panic, people wanted to buy their shares back and the bank wanted their loans back and together this is what causes the great depression -
Government's Solutions during the Great Depression
-The public worked projects to boost the economy
-They made work camps
-They directed aid
-They encouraged farming
-Then the depression finally ended in 1939 when WWII started
-After the war there was an economic boost
-A period of traditionalism/conservatism under Maurice Duplessis then began -
Quiet Revolution
-It began in Quebec in 1960
-It started with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party
-Its main features were:
1.To make the Quebec government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development
-They did this by increasing the role of state in both sectors
2.To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada
3.To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation
