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1905--Instructional Media
School Museums, in St. Louis, then Reading, PA, and Cleveland, OH
These museums contained materials such as slides, films, study prints, charts, among other visual objects that were thought of as extra study aids for teachers. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1923--Instructional Media
The AECT, or Association for Educational Communications and Technology was founded. This Association remains very active today. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) See: http://aect.site-ym.com/?page=about_landing -
1930's--Instructional Media
In the 1930's the radio became popular, with many hoping it would improve education. Though many workers like sea captains and pilots used radios, it did not have much influence on educational practices. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1920s - 1930s--Instructional Media
Advancements were made in technology later in the 1920s and into the 1930s, so that what was once called the visual instructional movement changed to the audiovisual instructional movement. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1934--Ralph Tyler--Instructional Design
In 1934 Ralph Tyler began the behavioral objectives movement. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1939-1945, World War II--Instructional Media
During World War II the US Army Air Force needed to train soldiers and so did the factories making supplies for the war effort. They produced hundreds of film strips and training films, which were surprisingly effective. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1939-1945, World War II--Instructional Design
The war effort required educators and psychologists to develop training for the various individuals in the military for a variety tasks. These professionals used their experience in education to create assessments to screen individuals for certain programs, such as flight training. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) This was the beginning of instructional design. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1945-1960--Instructional Design
Even after World War II, these educators and psychologists worked on instructional issues and organizations like the American Institutes for Research formed, and began to look at training as a system. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1949-Communications Theory beginnings
After World War II communication theory developed. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) There have been many theories put forward, but many highlight the model devised by Shannon and Weaver in 1949. (Reiser and Dempesy, 2018) -
1950s--Instructional Media
Instructional Television became more widespread in the 1950s because the FCC set aside 242 television channels for education, and the Ford Foundation provided funding for educational television. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) However, instructional television did not flourish in schools as the quality of the programs was poor, the expense, and the training of teachers was inadequate. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1950s to the 1980s--Instructional Media
CAI--computer assisted instruction--began in the early 1950s by people at IBM who initiated the first computer assisted instruction programs for schools, and many other companies followed. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1954--Instructional Design
B.F. Skinner published an article on the science of learning and teaching and his theories in education that involved developing instruction based on procedures of trial and revision. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1956--Instructional Design
Benjamin Bloom and others published "Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in 1956," to further the concept of behavioral objectives. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018, pg. 14.) -
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1957-1967--Instructional Design
Sputnik! The first orbiting satellite was launched by the Soviet Union, and this set the United States into a frenzy of emphasis on math and science in schools in order to catch up with the USSR. A concept in education developed-the idea of formative and summative evaluation. Michael Scriven, observing some of the failed programs for improving the standing of the US, had the idea of testing programs, along the way before it went hopelessly wrong-a formative evaluation.(Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1960's and 1970's Instructional Design
Systems Approach to instructional design models grows and are used by many including the U.S. military, in academia, and internationally. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1965--instructional design models
Leonard C. Silvern was an early influence on the development of instructional design models. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1965--Conditions-based theory
Conditions-based theory develops based on theorists such as Robert M. Gagne`. He states there are 5 domains of learning outcomes that required certain types of conditions present to promote learning, and he also put forward his 9 events of instruction. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) Finally, and significantly, Gagne` also stated that there is a process in teaching skills—that certain skills require subordinate skills be learned first before they are learned. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1980s--Instructional Design
In the 1980s instructional design had less impact in the world of education, both in public schools and higher education. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
January 1983--Instructional Media
Computers were being used for instruction in almost half of elementary schools and more than three quarters of high schools in the United States. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1983--Media Theory
Richard Clark states that there is basically no difference to learning when instruction is presented with or without media.(Richey, Klein, and Tracey, 2010) -
1990s to the Present--Constructivist-based Instruction and Learning
Constructivist theories, meaning that learning is done through authentic tasks to acquire skills used in real-life, became popular during the 1990s and continues today. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1990s to the Present--Performance Improvement Movement
The field of instructional design has been stretched to include improvements of on-the-job performance. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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1990s to present--Instructional Design
During the 1990's more significance was placed on performance at work and designing authentic tasks, and computers were also used more to aid people's work performance, not just learning. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
1991--Media Theory
Robert B. Kozma published an article on media theory which, simply stated, claimed that using media to educate did make a positive difference to students. (Richey, Klein, and Tracey, 2010) This was in answer to studies by other experts—one of whom was Richard Clark-- who claimed that the use of media in instruction had no benefits to learning at all. (Richey, Klein, and Tracey, 2010) -
1995--Instructional Media
Surveys in 1995 showed that although people had been very optimistic, computers were not being used in classroom for critical thinking, but mostly for drills and skills such as word processing. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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2000-present--Instructional Media
Advances in digital technology, computers, and most importantly, the Internet in the last few years have made many more interested in using technology for instruction, with online instruction being a huge factor at elementary, secondary, and university levels. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) The qualities of being more interactive and user-friendly make the recent instructional media more popular in education than earlier forms. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
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2000 to the present--Instructional Design
Since the turn of this century the internet has played an integral role in instructional design, particularly in online learning and on-the-job informal learning with social media. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) With our fast-paced world, those in instructional design are finding the need to replace traditional methods with simpler models. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018) -
2010--Instructional Design Definition
There have been many definitions of Instructional Design, and this is the one that Richey, Klein, and Tracy wrote: (2010)
"ID is the science and art of creating detailed specifications for the development, evaluation, and maintenance of situations which facilitate learning and performance." (Kindle Locations 460-461) Richey, R.C.; Klein, J.D.; Tracey, M.W.; (2010) The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com -
2015--Instructional Media
Tablets and smartphones have come into play as another form of media used in instruction. A 2015 survey of university students said they frequently use their tablets and phones for studies and businesses report basically the same. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018)