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Direct Method
(The Natural Method) Pronunciation was taught through intuition and imitation. I was based on how kids learn their first language from an adult. -
Reform Movement
It was influenced by phoneticians such as Henry Sweet, Wilhem Viëtor and Paul Passy. In 1886 they developed the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) -
Audiolingualism/Oral Approach
Pronunciation is taught from the very start. With the help of a recording, the teacher models a sentence, word, or utterance and the students have to repeat. They start focusing on the excercises based on the "minimal pairs". -
Community Language Learning
The students sit and listen to a tape recorder and the teacher (also known as the counselor) stands behind each learner, holding their shoulders and asks them to say in their native language what they would like to learn in the TL. The student says a phrase, and the counselor has to immediately translate the idea using the "word-by-word" technique. Then the student repeats what they just heard and records it into the tape recorder so it can be studied later with the whole class. -
Cognitive Approach
Chomsky & Neisser viewed language as a rule-governed behavior rather than habit formation. -
Silent Way
The attention is paid to the accuracy of production of both the sounds and structures of the TL from the initial stage of instruction. -
Communicative Language Teaching
It is the current dominant pronunciation method. Its primary purpose is effective communication. Using language to communicate should be in all classroom language instruction.
