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Training Society
The idea of developing a training society was first discussed on this date. -
The American Society for Training Directors
The American Society for Training Directors was developed. -
Theory of Human Motivation
Abraham Maslow, published A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) in the Psychological Review Journal that theorized his hierarchy of needs model. This motivational model put forth that a higher need, such as self-actualization, is expressed only after lower needs are first fulfilled (Clark, 2010). -
Research Center for Group Dynamics
In 1946, social scientist Kurt Lewin launches the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His contributions in change theory, action research, and action learning earn him the title of the "father of organization development" (Clark, 2010) -
Skills and Acts
Edwin R. Guthrie's study (1946) breaks skills into acts (Clark, 2010). -
National Training Laboratories Institute
The National Training Laboratories Institute was developed. -
Organizational Design
Research on organizational design in relation to adult education began when a group of researchers from London's Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, led by Eric Trist, studied a South Yorkshire coal mine. Their research leads in the development of the Sociotechnical Systems Theory which considers both the social and the technical aspects when designing jobs (Clark, 2010). -
The Psychology of Learning
Edwin R. Guthrie published the Psychology of Learning. -
Behaviorism
In 1953, B. F. Skinner's book m Science and Human Behavior was published. This book introduced behaviorism as an area of study in education research. -
Cognitive Science
By the mid 1950s, cognitive views of learning and development gained dominance over the stimulus-response approach (Clark, 2010). -
Evaluating Training
In 1956 Donald Kirkpatrick introduces his four-level model of evaluating training that remains one of the central parts Instructional System Design: Reaction, Learning, Behavior, and Results. -
Computer-Based Training
Individualized instruction is automated through teaching machines - computer-based training. HPI/HPT; OD; Mager's model for training objectives; teaching machines; John Piaget's cognitive development; cognitivism; Richard Beckhard coins the term organization devlopment.. Organization development is formed which is a values-based approach to systems change in organizations and communities. Source: Compiled by Tora Estep, ASTD Timeline
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Case Study Method
Sociotechnical-systems theory developed; sensitivity training/laboratory method (Chris Argyris); Malcolm Knowles's The Adult Learner (andragogy); Gagne's nine events of instruction (behaviorism); Jerome Bruner (constructivism) ; feminism; environmentalism; the gay rights movement Source: Compiled by Tora Estep, ASTD. -
Assertiveness Training
Assertiveness training; cost-benefit analysis; electronic workstations and laptops; cross-cultural training; competency-based training; large numbers of women enter the workforce; global economic competition; globalization Source: Compiled by Tora Estep, ASTD -
E-Learning
E-learning allowed greater accessibility to trainin gby minimizing costs for travel to training, time off of work to attend, and facilities; the learning enterprise, learning organizations Source: Compiled by Tora Estep, ASTD -
The Present
Behaviorism continues to have a strong influence on learning. New models of instructional design has evolved. Measurement in the field of training and development is stronger. Just-in-time learning; m-learning; skills gap; certification; rapid proliferation of new technologies; games, MP3 players, Web 2.0; collaborative learning; knowledge management systems Source: Compiled by Tora Estep, ASTD