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Dual Federalism
This form of federalism was the first of American federalism. With a very strict reading of the Constitution, state and national governments were very seperated. They each utilized their powers listed in the constitution, and nothing more. SInce the Tenth Amendment reserved all powers not listed in the Constitution to states, the state governments had much more power in their territories compared to the national government -
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland created a tax on all banks in its state. John McCulloch was an officer at the Maryland branch of the National Bank. After refusing to pay the tax, Maryland went to court with McCulloch. John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the court at the time, and was very for nationalistic views. Marshall fuled in favor of the nation's authority to start a bank. -
South Carolina against Tariffs
John C. Calhoun led South Carolina in their fight to nullify certain national tariffs because they thought that they favored northern factories. This was an example of a use of the doctrine of nullification, which says that states have the right to nullify national laws that they think contradict with what other states want to accomplish. -
Lincoln elected as President
In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as president. The southern states knew of his views against slavery, which made them very angry when he won the election. Eventually, this led to the Civil War, and the secession of states. These states were allowed to secede from the union because of the doctrine of secession, which was the idea that states had the right to leave the union. -
End of Civil War
After the Civil War had ended, and the states returned to the union, national power was expanded. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were all passed. They abolished slavery, defined citizenship, extended voting rights, and did many more things. These were knows as the Reconstructions Amendments. -
Interstate Commerce Act Passed
The Interstate Commerce Act was passed because of the previous poor conditions of the workers, and the fast pace of the industries expansion. The railroad industry was now the first industry to be federaly regulated -
United States v. E.C. Knight Company
During this period, multiple laws were passed to expand the national governments power. This case was one of the examples of the Supreme Court trying to limit the reach of the national governments power. The court ruled that a combination of sugar refining companies was not a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. This act was passed in 1890 to prevent monopolies. -
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Cooperative Federalism
This form of federalism was sparked when FDR was elected president, and initiated the New Deal. What the New Deal and cooperative federalism was trying to accomplish was a group effort to solve all levels of problems. This means that every level of government would help out the others to solve their problems. -
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Creative Federalism
During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, he wanted to emphisize solving the problems of poverty and social inequality in the states. To accomplish this, Johnson created the Great Society program. This would do things such as set up Medicaid, and other progams to help the poor. He called his approach to solving these problems creative federalism. -
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New Federalism
During Ronald Reagans presidency, also known as The Reagan Years, he supported the idea of New Federalism. This was a form of federalism that wanted to return power to the states, because the past forms of federalism had been giving to much power to the national government. Reagan promised to change the federal system, and beliebed that state governments were more effective in providing for the people. Ultimately, The Reagen Years wanted to return power back to the states. -
Contract with America Begins
in 1994, candidtates participation in congressional elections wanted to follow what Reagan did. They wanted to accomplish something in office within the first 100 days. This became knows as the Contract with America. This very often was getting power back to the states. This was known as devolution.
