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Sandhust Manifiesto
Manifiesto where Cánovas del Castillo promised a constitutional government. -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XII
Son of Isabella II. The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by to processes: Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the leader of the future Conservative Party and through a pronunciamiento (military Revolution) by General Martínez Campos. -
PSOE is founded
PSOE was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
Period: to
Regency of María Christina
While her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases of Manresa
Written by Prat de la Riba.
Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. -
Teatry of Paris
Spain recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XIII
He acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political sistem, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903). His reign have two stages divided by the crisis of 1917:
-The continued practice of party rotation (1902-1917).
-The crisis of the Cánovas system (1917-1923). -
Tragic Week
A war required reservist to be called up, the majority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protest in Barcelona. The harsh repression by Maura's conservative government caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him. -
Disaster of annual
Resulting in 10 000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion. -
Period: to
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
This dictatorship went through two stages, which had two different governments:
-The military Directory (1923-1925): Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, suppressed the labour movement and defeated the Moroccans after the Alhucemas landing (1925).
- The Civil Directory (1925-1930): The military victory in Morocco and the economic boom of the 1920s helped Primo de Rivera maintain power until 1930. -
Period: to
Second Spanish Republic
After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931. The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution. -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII tried to go back to the parliamentary system, first with the government of General Dámaso Berenguer and later, with Admiral Aznar. However, the citizen's disapproval of the king's support of the dictatorship led to significant Republic victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. The king went into exile. -
October Revolution
The new government halted the majprity of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked th October Revolution. -
Tragic Spring
Wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
The coup d'état began in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta on 17 July 1936. The next day it spread throughout Spain, having success in rural areas, yet falling in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the 'Nacionalist' zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War. -
Bombing Gernika
The war then moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles, as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force's Condor Legion. -
End of the Civil War.
General Francisco Franco, who had been appointed 'Generalísimo' of the army, concentrated civilian and military power and unified all of his supporting forces into one single party, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de la JONS and concentrated all of their efforts towards winning the war, which they did in the end.
