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Boxer Rebellion ( Late - 1890s )
- The Boxer Uprising was a uprising against the foreigners by the Boxers
- The Boxer Uprising was mainly caused because of the hatred towards the foreign devils and their technology; other reasons included the failure to reform the government.
- The Boxers attacked both Chinese Christians and Foreigners, British legation surrounded in a 55 day siege
- Failure of rebellion meant. £67 million over 39 years, 10 officials were executed, Destruction of arsenal, Foreign soldiers permanent placed.
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Qing Reforms ( Self Strengthening and Reform )
In order to ensure the survival of the dynasty Cixi introduced reforms that utilised the présence of the foreigners to modernise China. -
Abolition of foot binding
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Reform of the Civil Service
The removal of the traditional examination that led to the mandarins dominating -
Other events
- Establishment of a new military acadamy
- Scholars are now able to get scholorships for studing aboard
- Nationalisation of railway
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New Army
A establishment of a new army under Manchurian control -
Provincial assembilies
Introduction of provincial assembilies with limited right to vote -
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YuanShi Kai Rule
After the sucess of 1911 revolution Yuan Shi kai convinced Sun yat sen to step down, he then forced the abdictation of Puyi and set up a dictatorship which made heavy concessions with foreigners -
1911 Revolution
- Caused by a weak government, the falire of political reforms, The expensive army reforms, the spread of revolutionary ideas and the resentment of nationalisation of the railways.
- In 1911 a bomb was accidentally set off in Hankao by young revolutionist. This triggered a wider signal for discontent -> mutiny and rebel.
- Next day army soldiores rebelled and Han sldr reblled against their Manchu commanders.
- They found a leader in Yuan Shi Kai who helped lead the rebellion to take government
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Warlord Era
- Formed after Yuanshi Kai death
- China was split up into smaller regions each with there own heads of commanders that ruled called warlords
- WArlords were cruel
- Had diffrent Ideologies
- Made concession with foreigners
- No one wanted to give up their personal army
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Creation of the NRA
- National freedom
- Democracy principle
- People wellfare was their policy
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May the 4 movement
- Done after the unfair terms of TOV was released
- The property of Shandong wasgiven to Japan humiliating China
- A protest was held in tiannemen square by students
- China refused to sign the treaty
- The May 4 movement led to a abolishment of old ideas and a increase in new ideas.
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Creation of the CCP
- Found in secret in a secret girl school
- One of the 12 members was a book seller called Maoze Dong
- The CCP was based on the idea of communism from Karlmark
- Communism was where there was a state of equality would be achieved and no classes and buisnesses all property was owned by society
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First United Front
- The GMD and the CCP came together with common goals.
- These goals mainly consisted of the 4 principles
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Northern expedition
- The first united front and their movement to defeat the warlords
- NRA millitary startery was to encircle Warlord army and cut of supply line
- NRA had more effective force
- Mao also helped to gain respect of the local peasent populations which would prove critical
- By april 1928 Chiang drove final warlord out and declared GMD as legal government
- Sucess was because of strength and tactics of the UF army compared to private
- Role of communist gaining support
- Chiang bribed warlords power
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Shanghai Massacre
- After sucess of united front Chiang Kai Shek no longer trusted the CCP and wanted to get rid of them
- He turned on the CCP in Shanghai
- April 1927 Chiang troops turned on communist and killed 5000 -GMD was purged of CCP members
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Extermination Campaigns
- After Chiang turned on the red's he wanted to insure death to do this he did 5 extermination campaigns to get rid of CCP which was at that time situated in the Jiangxi Soviet
- One of the main reasons the extermination campaigns failed for Chiang was because he did not have the support of the peasants
- Over 1 Mil Dead
- Final extermination campaign had support from german advisors, 1933 Autumn, establish a blockade and deprive them of food. Use scorched earth policy and fight a static war.
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The Long March
- The Long March happened in 1934 due to if the communist stayed in the Jiangxi soviet any longer they would be demolished by the fifth extermination program launched by Chiang
- On the 16th October 1934 80-100 thousand communist escaped Jiangxi soviet and began marching
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Dadu and Yangtze river
- In May 1935 the CCP had to cross the Dadu and Yangtze river. During the Crossing of the Dadu river it is said that 22 CCP soldiers swung across metal chains to make it to the other side while the enemy constantly fired at them
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Effects of the Long March
-1935 Oct they arrived at their new base in Yanan which would later be turned into the Yanan Soviet Positives- Provided Propaganda with Martyrs
- Showed comradership. and self sacrifice for a cause
- Yan'an Soviet severed as base for next 12 years of Communism development + Teaching
- Mao was reconfirmed party leader. LM Vets
- Only 10,000 out of 80k survived
- GMD called Great Retreat
- GMD was recognised as government of China + Inevitable Capitalism
- Yan'an soviet was not safe
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Meeting in Zunyi
- After the CCP was led during the long march by Otto Braun and sustained heavy losses due to his poor stratergy in a meeting in Zunyi command was handed over
- Command was handed over to Zhu de former warlord turn communist and Mao ze dong who developed a plan to move in erratic patterns involving splitting up the group to insure survival.
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Formation of Second United Front
- Chiang believed that the CCP was still the bigger threat than the japanese and thus excepted Japanese occupation of the north.
- However Chiang had stayed in power by making deals with warlords who now preasurred him to get rid of Japan and partner with CCP by 1936 Dec
- Thus leading to formation of second united front though fighting as seperate army
- First 4 years went badly with Japan capturing major cities like Nanjing.
- After Pearl Harbour USA + Allies supplied China With supplies.
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Sino Japanese War
- Japan in late 19th and early 20th centruy had modernised it's economy and militari as shown with defeat in China and Russia.
- By late 1920 Japan growth was slowing down as it could not get enough raw materials where China had many
- Thus it invaded China first starting with Manchuria and then expanding
- Chiang originally let japan expand more concenred with CCP as he thoughout they would never be able to occupy country like China
- Policy discontinued as unpopular and Jp launched ful inv pol
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Role of CCP and red army
- Mao taught the Red Army to be kind and treat peasents well to gain support.
- Member ship grew during the war from 40,000 to 1.2 Mil
- This was mostly caused due to the policies by Mao like rent control
- Red army played a important role in Japan as they used Gureilla tactics to effectively destroy the japanese army.
- Red army demonstrated they were keen to push out China whereas GMD focused motre on China gaining support.
- Mao claimed Gureilla tactics was the reason the war was one not tru
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Civil War
- After sudden end of second world war Chiang destory CCP
- American's persuaded them to stop fighting worrying of expansion from Soviet however Chiang set up a new government that gave himself almost all power.
- In the first stage the GMD was succesful and captured a large amounts of cities however in the second stage and PLA launched full scale attacks and switched to conventional warfare.
- The Final stage consisted of battles that required a lot of effort but led to succes of comunist
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Agrarian Land Reforn
Stage 1: Agrarian Reform Law 1950
Property was taken away from landlords and given to the peasants
Property of the enemy e.g. the GMD was confiscated and given out
Allowed local communities to deal with it themselves which led to many abusing the opportunity
Villages held ‘struggle meetings’ where former landlords were tried and executed.
Thousands were killed and many more were sent to ‘re-education’ special camps -
Marriage Law
- In a aim to improve the right and lives of women's as under the communist system Mao introduced Marriage law.
- Arranged marriage and a payment of a dowry was banned
- Minimum age of marriage raised to 18 for women and 20 for men
- Keeping concubines ( a mistress) was forbidden
- Men and women had equal rights for divorce, even in arranged marriages
- Women were given property right to own, buy and sell Infanticide ( murder of babies is forbidden)
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Mutual Aid Teams
The peasants were encouraged to share their equipment, animals and work in mutual aid teams consisting of 10 or less households However the land was still owned individually and not collectively By 1952 about 40 percent of peansents belong to mutual aid teams -
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First Five Year Plan
- Aimed to make China more in the secondary sector and less reliant on agriculture. leading to Construction of amazing achievements for example bridgest over the Yangtze river and the river at Nanjing Coal production doubled Electrical power production increased by three times the previous level Steel production increased by four times the previous level Showed that the Communist program was more effective than capitalism
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APC
The establishment of Agricultural Producers Cooperatives or ( APCs) aimd to manage the land that was owned by the peasants in a central system Creation of APCs was most successful in areas where mutual aid teams already existed. However some rich peasants took to the opportunity to buy land and get labour to work for them This partial recovery of capitalism meant that peasants were later forced in the APC however they peasants resisted by burning their stock -
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Great Leap Forward
- After Sucess of First Five Year PLan Mao wanted to replicate this with more ambitious goals however the faliure in APC's and the Great Famine w\coupled with other reasons led to faliure of the Great Leap Forward n 1968 11 million tonnes of steel was being produced Collectivisation failed and 50 Million died in a famine Steel from backyard furnaces had to be thrown away due to them being of such bad quality leading to same rate of production
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Great Famine
- Mao launched the 4 pest program to erradicate birds as it was destroying their crops
- This led to a increase in the insect population which terrorised the crops. 45 Million people died. People started to eat Mud as a last resort and this led to the blocking of the digestive system.
- Other reasons for Great Famine was because due to APC's workers had no incentive to work hard due to them not recieving benifits
- Officials were scared of MAO and may not have told him true figures