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Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
The Renaissance
it was roughly from the 14th century to the 17th century coming in like a wave over different countries in Europe and outside of Europe also. it starts in Florence and its the rebirth of the ancient teachings and just seeing how people live and how we can apply that to our lives in todays time as they would say. -
Period: May 15, 1337 to Sep 22, 1453
The Hundred Years' War
Though no certain dates of end the Hundred Yr war was a 100+ year long war between the French and the English. The war started when the French king, King Philip VI, attempted to take over English territory of Aquitaine. Which is ironically located in SW France. -
Sep 22, 1348
The Black Death arrives !!!!
The Black plague or black death arrived in mainland Europe in 1348. It has many stories behind one of many beleives that it came from russia and one of the cities used it as an weapon or punishment for the opponents during the attack by the Tartars. they were thrown in a hole and infected heads were thrown into the hole and they would get infected and die. -
Period: Nov 19, 1350 to Nov 19, 1527
Italian renaissance
Period of relative peace and intellect throughout Italy that lead to a great deal of art and culture, ending with the sacking of Rome -
Sep 22, 1381
Peasant Revolts
Due to heavy taxation the peasants had a revolt all throughout Europr especially in the lower England part. They had just been hit by the plague and then on top of that they were getting taxed. so most of them werent even well enough and all this was going on. also King John of France had been captured by the English so to free him they went and raped the English mens wives, burned castles down and killed alll horses and cattle. -
Nov 18, 1400
new technologies
cannon,caravels, cannons on ships, cargo ships -
Period: Sep 22, 1434 to Sep 22, 1494
Medici family control in Florence
The medici family have gained control on the banking in Florence. they also controlled the politics and culture of their cities. -
Nov 19, 1440
Invention of the Printing Press
Printing press is invented by Gutenberg, revolutionizing the ability to print books, and spurring the Northern Renaissance. -
Sep 22, 1454
Movable type is Invented
Johannes Gutenburg creates the first movable type printing press.
It created an era of mass communication which altered the structure of society. it allowed messages to be passed from one place to another more effeciently and in quantity. you could say more at once. -
Period: Nov 18, 1460 to
Northerern Renaissance
Until 1450, the Italian Renaissance had little effect on Northern Europe. However, ideas began to spread, leading to a Renaissance period in northern Europe and ending after the Thirty Years’ War. -
Period: Nov 19, 1462 to Nov 19, 1505
Reign of Ivan III in Russia
Grand Prince of Moscow Sometimes referred to as the "gatherer of the Russian lands", he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history. -
Aug 4, 1469
The wedding
The wedding was of Ferdinand of aragon and Isabella of Catile. This was bascially a marraige of them and the unity of two big houses back then. -
Period: Nov 19, 1473 to Nov 19, 1543
Copernicus
the first to propose a formula for a heliocentric ideology. -
Nov 18, 1492
Christopher Columbes
sailed to the Carribean adn made a lot of slaves and raped a lot of native american indian. -
Sep 22, 1494
French Invasion of Italy
The French invasion of Italy was done quickly and easily because Charles VIII had little opposition in Italy due to the city states which couldnt come together quick enough and eventually got taken over by France. And the irony is that that was one of their advantages is that no one central power would be able to take over all of them becasuse there was so many of them in Itlay at once. -
Nov 18, 1497
john cabot
founded new england in north america -
Period: Nov 19, 1500 to
Witch Hunts
rise in witch hunts where the witches were balmaed for everything that went wrong and so they would have unfair trials to kill them off. -
Period: Feb 6, 1509 to Dec 8, 1547
English Reformation
The reformation started due to the divorce thing that Henry VIII made a big deal about and then it got involved in political issues and then a complete break with rome occured.along with a lot of economic problems had also occured. -
Sep 22, 1517
Martin Luthers 95 Theses
These theses were writen because of the indulgences and how people viewed them and how Martin Luther viewed them and wanted everyone to know what they were doing to the society. He wanted to get rid of them and his arguement was that they undermined the seriousnessof the sacrement of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life. -
Nov 19, 1517
luther posts 95 theses.
Martin Luther posts his 95 thesis on a church door, arguing that indulgences are morally wrong. Begins Reformation -
Nov 18, 1519
Ferdinand Magellan
His crew circumnavigated the world. even though he dies the crew pushed on and made it all the way around. -
Sep 22, 1521
Hasburg- Valios Wars
The start of the war was caused by the frenchs invasion in Italy and then the HRE had a problem and then the HV wars. -
Nov 18, 1525
hernando cortes
found the aztecs in mexico -
Nov 19, 1530
John Calvin and the calvinists
John Calvin creates Calvinism, a Protestant religion based on pre-destination -
Nov 18, 1533
Francisco Pizzaro
founded the mines in peru when he went there. -
Period: Nov 19, 1533 to
Reign of Ivan The Terrible
the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death.transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km2 (1,562,500 sq mi) -
Period: Nov 18, 1543 to
Scientifinc revolution
Period of Scientific Growth where many ‘natural philosophers’ studied and learned a great deal about astronomy, biology, and other fields of science. -
Nov 19, 1543
Copernicus book
On the revolution of the heavenly spheres is writen by copernicus about how the heavens work and what not. -
Period: Nov 19, 1545 to Nov 19, 1563
Council Of Trent
Catholic attempt to stop the Protestant religion and to reform the Catholic church -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Ausburg
The Peace of Ausburg was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of Schmalkaldic League which is in present day Bavaria, Germany. It was so that the Holy Roman Empire would tolerate the Lutherans and not bother them. -
Apr 3, 1559
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Signed between Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain. Spain gained direct control of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardania, and the State fo Presidi and indirectly of northern italy. -
Period: Dec 5, 1559 to
Civil wars in France
Just because the French monarch got feeble and weak the civil violence all around started. -
Period: Nov 19, 1560 to
Dutch Golden Art Age
Art that highlights daily life using still lives, or paintings of inanimate objects that emphasized peasant life. -
Period: Nov 19, 1570 to
Dutch golden age
After the Dutch Revolts, dutch trade, science, and are were superior to nearly everyone else’s at the time -
Aug 23, 1572
Saint Bartholomews Day massacre
The fight started when calvinists were attacked and killed by the Catholics. And then many and many more Hugonots were being killed because they were the minority in the situation. this lead to the War of the Three Henry's, civil conflicts lead bythe Catholic Henry of Guise and Protestant Henry of Navrre. -
Period: Nov 19, 1580 to
Baroque art
Style of art that was very grand and furnished. Very ornate. -
Defeat of the Spanish Armanda
The spanish armamde fleet of 130 ships was met by the english fleet of 150 ships and defeated till they eventually had to give up. stopped the attack on the britsh by the spainards.the defeat was due to the fact that the English had the more manueravable and faster ships. -
Henry IV in France
inherited the vrown in 1589.Also called henry the great for bieng so awesome to the people. issued the edict of nantes.changed his religion and alter policies numerous times in order to keep good control of his citizens. Is rumored to have said, “Paris is well worth a Mass” -
Sully administer of HenryIV
the minister of France was pretty good. came up with some good ideas.appreciated the idea of overseas trade ond suportted trading. -
tycho brahe
was an astronomer and built the most significant observatory of his time. -
Galileo
was a professor at the age of twenty five. he vreated the law of gratational and the law of inertia. they both explained the way that things occured on earth. -
Period: to
Descartes
a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic.Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as equations) — was named after him -
Edict of Nantes
Signed by Henry which granted to Huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship in 150 fortified towns. It also prepared the French for the absolutism stage thjat they were going to go through. -
Richlieua
french clergy men. his views included the total subordination of all groups and instituitions to the french monarchy. -
Tycho Brahe
Acuurately observed the heavens -
crop rotation
the method used in the open field system until it was ruled out by the enclore movement. -
open field system
open field that were split up into three areas and one was a fllow and the rest of them were used to crop so there was always an open field for nothing. -
Period: to
Agricultural revolution
Period where efficiency of agriculture allowed for better quality of life and eventually lead to the Industrial Revolution -
dutch east india company created
States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. -
Period: to
Thirty Years War
The 30 yrs war was started by the closing of prtestants church that was done by the Catholic King of Bohemia. then the pretestants threw two of his gaurds down from a castle window and that is what sparked the start of the 30 years war. so basically it was the catholics versus the protestants. -
price revolution
prices rose due to the effect of all those riches that were found in the mines fpounded by Pizarro. -
Period: to
john Locke
English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers -
Period: to
John Locke
Enlightened thinker who urged that the role of government is to protect the people from themselves. Used idea of Natural Rights, or rights that everyone should be granted, an idea embraced by the French Revolution. -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
isaac newton lived to be a great scientist. he thought of the ways that the world worked that everyone befpore him had thought of in peices. so he took everyones past work and combined it to come up with the three laws of motion. -
Louis XIV
born to Louis XIII and crated an amazing age of absolutism development. during this reign they reached the highest peak of absolutism development they had rreached in forever. -
the fronde
attampts to increase royal revenues by Louis XIV. -
Mercantilism in france
Building overseas colonies;
Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations;
Monopolizing markets with staple ports;
Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments;
Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships;
Export subsidies;
Promoting manufacturing with research or direct subsidies;
Limiting wages;
Maximizing the use of domestic resources;
Restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff barriers to trade. all this by Jean Baptiste Colbert -
Glorious Revolution
the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). -
Period: to
Voltaire
Cynical enlightened thinker who wrote much about the evils of the church and advocated freedom of religion and expression.
and thought that the church and the state need to be seperate. -
enclosure
The people would go around and close off areas of land that werent even theirs. that was how they would claim the quthority over that land and nobody did anything about it. -
Period: to
Growth of book publishing
more books were being created and used to record more data. due to the scientific revolution many more scientists were competing hence they were reacording and publishing a lot of books. -
peace of Utrecht
is a series of individual peace treaties\ signed by the people that were part of the Spanish Succesion.The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war. -
Period: to
War of Austrian Succesion
War over whether Maria Theresa should keep the Austrian Throne. Ends with Maria Theresa keeping the Austrian Throne. -
Period: to
Rule of Fredrick the Great fo Prussia
Brilliant military strategist who lead Prussia in any successful campaigns during his reign -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
A period in Europe of economic and technological expansion, resulting from increase life expectancy and health caused by the Agricultural revolution -
Creation of the encyclopedia
the full title was Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres. ("Encyclopedia: or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, by a Company of Men of Letters, arranged by M. Dider -
Period: to
Catherine the great
the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. Her reign was called Russia's golden age. -
spinning Jenny
multi-spindle spinning frame. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. -
Period: to
Reign of Jospeh II of Austria
Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine (von Habsburg-Lothringen in German). Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to modernizing reforms subsequently engendered significant opposition, which ev -
Water Frame
a water-powered spinning frame developed by Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas Highs by clock maker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. -
Steam Engine break through by James Watt
steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably, the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and, most importantly, a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber. These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five, saving 75% on coal costs.Since this was an invention during the Industrial revolution they used a lot of coal for their inventions or gadgets and things like that. -
Pioneer in Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and spread to Western Europe and the United States within a few decades -
The Formation of the National Assembly
This was the representation of the three different estates in the society of France. it consistedof 1200 delegates from which all of them where from their respective estate. it was an even distribution ofr them. they had overthrown Louis XVI adn decided to take matters into their own hands.just teo days after they were officially named they went to the tennis coart because the meeting room was closed and vowed no to leave till they had written a new constitution for the people. -
Tennis coart oath
When the National Assembly decided to sit down and work on the new constitution after lunck break Louis XVI no tliking the idea locked the door to their room and thought that if they couldnt get into their meeting room they wouldnt write a new constitution. but he was wrong. they assembly decided to go to a tennis coart to write the constitution and vote on it. hence the name tennis coart oath. -
Storming of the BAstille
due to the fact that no one was geeting enoi=ugh protection or stugg like that the Paris militia went to Bastille to see if they had any weapons or gunpowder. as they were going there the people that were in the bastille holding all og the stuff for themselves starting firing at the militia. In the end the Bastille was taken over by the civilians and everyone was happy. -
Wollstonecraft Vindication of the rights of women
One of the earlier works of feminist philosophy. In this she responds to the people that believe that women shouldnt have an education. She proves her claim by stating that they educate their children and could become companions to their husbands rather than the wife that stays home and takes care of the kids. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Era
Thsi was a period of history in Europe and especially in France. The name gives away who it was named after and it also shows how big of a significance he had to the european culture. -
Execution of Louis XVI
by means of the guillotine, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution ("Revolution Square", formerly Place Louis XV, and renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris. -
New Constitution of France created
It was instated by the Montagnards who then proposed it to the National Assembly and they approved of it on June 24 1793 hence the name Constitution of 1793. -
Robespierres Reign of Terror
a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins marked by the mass murders of the enemies of the revolution. -
Reign of Terror
A period of vilonce in which the Girodins and Jacobins went at each other and killed people that were againt each other. -
Period: to
Thermidorian Reaction
parliamentary revolt initiated on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), which resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France. -
Combination acts
These acts were commonly attributed to the fear that the French revolutionary ideas would spread among the working class.prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. -
Concordat of 1801
agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. -
Napolean Bonaparte
Became emperor of the french due to the fact that he did a wonderfull job in the American Revolution against the Brits. He then shows his amazing skills at the protection of Henry VIII at the palace by using smart tactics to stop the locals that were coming in to attack. -
Napoleonic code
is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified. -
Civil code of 1804
Napoleon's bargain with the middle class that reasserted equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property -
Defeat of the 4th coalition
Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and Great Britain.Many members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. In 1806, Prussia joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony. -
Treaty of tilsit
two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. The second was signed with Prussia on 9 July. The treaties was made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of -
Peninsular War
a military conflict between the First French Empire and the allied powers of Spain,[a] Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its ally until then. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the -
Metternich
Conservatism was what advocated for. so he belives in promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization. -
Quadruple Alliance formed
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain form this alliance to defeat France. Agreed to restore the Bourbon dynasty, and raise the number of formidable barriers against renewed Frence agression. -
Congress of Vienna
The peace sttlement created here stablished a balance-of-power principle and creates the German Confederation -
Bourbon Restoration
This was period after napolean was overthrown and defeated by the sixth coalition. Then the original family came back to power. -
Napolean defeated and exiled
The battle of waterloo was where napolean was defeated and then exiled. An dsince the main character of the story was leaving so was the napoleonic era. After he was defeated and exiled it became the last battle of the Napoleonic era. -
Unification of Italy
the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. which lasted from 1851- 1871 -
Formation of the Holy Alliance
It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815 -
Carlsbad Decrees
The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia. -
Congress of Troppau
Metternich and Alexander I of Russia proclaim the principle of intervention to maintain autocratic regimes. -
Period: to
Greek War of Independence
was a successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832, with later assistance from Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and several other European powers against the Ottoman Empire, who were assisted by their vassals, the Eyalet of Egypt, and partly by the Beylik of Tunis. -
Decembrist Revolt
A secret manifesto was signed by Alexander I. In this document, is was stated that his younger brother, Nicholas, was named his heir to the throne. Nobody had knowlege of this document. -
Railroads
Stephenson's Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, designed by Robert Stephenson in 1829. It was built for and won the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1829 to choose the best design to power the railway. -
Reform bill of 1832
which introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament" -
Factory acts of 1833
These acts were to control the age of who could work such as setting age restrictions and not letting the vulnerable people working the kids nad women. -
Great famine
a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. -
MInes Act of 1842
commonly known as the Mines Act of 1842, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It prohibited all females and boys under ten years old from working underground in coal mines. -
ten hours act
an United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day -
Revolutions in Austria, France, and Prussia
All three revolutions were sparked by the one in Greece, but none were successful. -
The Communist Manifesto
Marx and engels were the authors.an 1848 political manifesto by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that laid out the programme of the Communist League. Originally published in German (as Manifest der kommunistischen Partei) just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto has since been recognized as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts -
Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were tariffs on imported grain during the early to mid-1800s designed to keep grain prices high to favour producers in Great Britain. The laws did indeed raise food prices and became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had far less political power than rural Britain. -
Great Exposition
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from May 1st to October 11th, 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to become a popular 19th-century feature. Showcased the many wonders of Great britain and inventions -
Louis Pasteur: fermentation & pasteurization
He begins his study of fermentaion at the request of brewers. Using his microscope to develop a simple test that brewers could use to moniter the fermentation process and aviod spoilage, he found that the activity of these organisms could be surpressed by heating the beverage - by pasteurization. -
Crimean War
Led by Napoleon III, wanted to free France from peace settlements-France to bc thief arbiter of Euro.Against the Ottoman Empire.
War started b/t Russia and Ottoman Empire (Russia wanted religious influence: wanted right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine- eve. pulled all other countries into war) -
Unification of Italy
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour returned to power in Italy in 1860 and gained Napoleon III's support by ceding Savoy and Nice to France. But to Giuseppe Garibaldi, the job of unification was only half done. Cvour used him to help turn popular nationalism in a conservative direction and Italy was finally unified. -
Freeing of Russian serfs
The first and greatest reform of Russia after 1850 under Alexander II. Human bondage was abolished forever, and the emancipated peasants recieved, on average, about half of the land. Yet they had to pay fairly high prices for their land, and because the land was owned collectively, each peasant village was jointly responsible for the payments of all the families in the village. -
Period: to
Reign of Ismail in Egypt
known as Ismail the Magnificent. he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanisation, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa. -
Period: to
Reign of King Leopold II in Belgium
He is remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture. His fathers reign was the longest rule of any Belgian monarch.He also built the triumphal arch of Cinquantenaire complex in Brussels -
Austro prussian war
Also called the Seven Weeks war. a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In the Italian unification process, this is called the Third Independence War. -
Meiji Restoration
A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. the restoration established the practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan, which previously was held by the Tokugawa shogunate -
Mendeleev creates the periodic table
Chemists devisedways of measuring the atomic weight of different elements and Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table. -
Completion of the Seuz Canal
The seux canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in egypt that goes through and connects the Medittreanean sea and Red sea. it was a great investment because the country that had control on it would make a lot of money because all of the other countries would have to pay whatever the controlling country asks for or else they would have to go around the most southern tip of africa and that would be a longer journey than what it would be with this Seuz Canal. -
Franco Prussian war
Also called the war of 1870. a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict centered on efforts to gain control of the southern German states. Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—into an alliance with the Prussian-dominated North German Confederation. -
Period: to
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's attack on the Catholic church -
Bacterial Revolution
The Bacterial Revolution, beginning in the 1870's, involved the discovery that sub-microscopic organisms were the main cause for disease -
Congress of Berlin
This was meeting of the Great Powers, Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany, four Balkan states, Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro, and the Ottoman empire. They were determining territories of the states that were in the Balkan peninsula. They all settled it out and signed the Treaty of Berlin which approved of everyones consent to the states division. -
Berlin Conference
This is also called the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference. Portugal called for it and German leader Otto van Bismarck organized it. This was a scramble for Africa in which all of the european countries went out and started claiming territories in Africa to exapnd their empire. Everyone took what would benefit them in the long run. Portugal took Madagascar and that side of Africa for easy trade to India. And like that everyone took a little peice of Africa. -
Period: to
Dreyfus Affair
Political scandal that had split France from the time it began to when it ended.It all started with a Young French artilery officer, Alfred Dreyfus, and him being accused with the charge of treason. He was sentenced to five years of prison on Devils Island. in 1896 through a full investigation they found evidence for Alfred to help him out. Even though the evidence was out the government would not reopen the case. A journalist,Zola. then wrote a article about Alfreds case called J'accuse. -
Hundred Days of Reform in China
This was a failed attempt in the late Qing Dynasty in which they spent 104 days to reform national, cultural, political, and educationally around China. It was taken under the Emperor Guangxu. -
United States takes over Philippines.
Philippine and American war followed a long struglle that Philippine was having to get their independence. It was also right after the Spanish American war. one of the many main battles was the Second Battle of Manila. -
"Bloody Sunday" in Russia
A massive crowd of workers and their families converged peacefully on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the tsar. Suddenly troops opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds. This event turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation. -
First Balkan War
The first balkan war was actions of the balkan league vs the ottoman empire. after the war the ottoman empire was split up within the european countries with everybody taking some peices. -
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand and family
These killings caused the first World War when Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the kingdom fo Serbia, which got rejected, and then Austria-Hungaey declared war on Serbia. -
Period: to
World War I
This was the result of the assassination and rejection of the ultimatum from Austria to Serbia and then this war came to be. After a while many countries picked sides and the war eventually had all the major powers around the world. It turned into a Allies on Central Powers. Allies or also called Triple Entente,United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire and central powers of germany and Austria- Hunagry. many more countries joined the allies and Central powers and then bigger World war. -
Bulgaria and Italy join WWI
These two powers joined the Cntral Powers for a while until they realized that the Allies would be a better option and changed sides to join the Allies along with US and Japan. -
Rasputin mordered
He was invited to Yusupovs house and after a couple of drinks they all went out for the night. After hanging out for a while Yusupov and his accomplices take rasputin to a sound proof wine cellar and make it seem like they want Rasputin to test wines. while testing wines he was killed by the people present in the room. It still remains a mystery because there is no actual evidence so nobody could convict the killers. Yusupov then married the Tsars daughter or Rasputins daughter and lived happily -
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Russian Revolution
Thsi is a time period that contained a pair of revolutions that broke apart the Tsarist autocracy and created the Russian SFSR.so during the first part the revolution the old regime was replaced by a provisional government. And then durin gthe second part that provisional government was replaced by a communist government. and that is how the russian revolution affected them . they went through a lot of governmental changes during that period of 6 months. -
US declares war on Germany
This was a decision made by President Woodrow willson and his believing that us as the US should amke the world free for democracy. we had such a strong view for democracy that we had to get in the war and help the people in distress to ensure the world would run solely on democracy. -
Bolshevik Revolution
Also called the October revolution was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger part of the Russian Revolution. the results of the revolution were that Soviet Russia was created.it started the russian civil war. -
Sigmund Freud
He was the father of psychoanalysis therphy. he founded the idea that our unconcious mind is what tells us what to do . he then realized that he would get intact with the unconciuos mind and help the patients fix whatever kind of mental issues that they have. -
Treaty of Versailles
This was one of the many treaties signed at the end of wolrd war I. it ended the war that was going on between the Allied powers and Germany. this treaty was only for Germany. All of the other central powers were dealt with different treaties thats why its called one of many treaties at the end of WWI -
Mussolini seizes power
He was an italian politician and the leader of the National Fascist Party. he was elected legally and all nice with the people but after about three years he gave up on that idea and made it into a dictator ship and ruled like that until he was thown out in 1943. -
Occupation of the Ruhr
this was a period when the german ruhr valley was occupied by france and belgium.because the weimar republic couldnt repay them so they took over one of their territories. -
The Dawes Plan
This treaty was for the Triple Entente to collect reparations and compromise with Germany after WWI. so the person that was guilty had to agree to the conditions put down by the punishers. It worked out so that germany was given a payment plan kind of like monthly installments. and that chain worked from United states helping Gremany fix up their land and then Germany would pay some of that to France and essentially France was just taking money from US but US didnt catch on to that very quickly. -
Germany joins the League of Nations
The league of nations was group of antions that would stick together to protect unjustice. It dissolved in 1946 and Germany joined in 1926 and didnt even stay that long. Thye joined in 1926 through insistence of Werner Dankwort and withdrew in the 1930s along with japan italy and spain with them. -
Stalin rises to power in the USSR
His rise to power took a while because after Vladimir Lenin died thier was race to gain the Tsars position again. so Stalin along woth 7 other poeple went for that seat. And along the way Stalin saw many oppurtunities that would go his way if he was elected as in trading and other. so through a lot of cunning ways stalin slowly removed all of his opponents which was only five because 2 realized that staying with stalin was the best thing to do. so falsely accusations and murders took him up. -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
This was an international agreement in which the states that signed it promised not to use war as a means to resolve disputes or conflicts of whatever source or origin on each other. so basically nobody would attack on the poeple that had signed the peace aggreement no matter what.Germany France and the US were the first ones to sign it and then many states followed suit. the pact actually remains in use or order till today. it was made outside the League of Nations so that is why it is still in -
Stalins first five year plan
This was a list of economic goals set out by Joseph Stalin and his ministers. and he kept on changing them aroubd and the people didnt like that. so through passive resistance and riots they told the government that they didnt approve of such policies and then it was discarded. -
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The Great Depression
this was a worldwide economic depression . it didnt all happen at the same time in every country but they were all between 1929-1939. Now these days we use the Great depression to show how far the world economy could decline kind of as a realization that if it has happende in the past it can happen again. it all started in the US when stocks started decreasing on spetember 4 1929 and then the whole stock market crashed a month later. then it was domino effect. no jobs rates high as 33%. -
Franklin D Roosevelt declared President
Mr. FDR was elected during the time when the US was under The Great Depression and it was very critical to whatever that they did they did it carefully. His accepteance speech wasnt just a political campaign but a call to arms. so he knew the situation of the united states at that time so he had to make sure that the way the approached the people was through our struggle. He was elected in 1932 along with vice president John Nance Garner -
Hitler gains powwer
his rise to power began when he joined the Nazi Party or initially called the Germans Workers Party. his way that he got up their was since everyone saw him as a great speaker and using that he threatened them to either pick him as their leader or he would never return to them . and becoming the leader of that party opened oppurtunities for him and from there he made everything workd for him and then turned into the monster that we know him as. -
Britain and France decalre war on Germany.
Right after germany launched its attack on poland Uk and france came to help poland out. they then decalsred war on germany for doing what they did. but germany did a good job keeping their borders in check.even though britain and france tried poland ceased to exist as a country. -
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World War II
a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between -
Germany invades Poland
this was technically the beggining of the second world war. The invasion was done by Germany and the Soviet Union along with little Slovak states. they attacked from different sides of poland and started annexing land for themselves.UK and France came in to help and then decalred war on germany and then it was world war 2 -
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The Holocaust
A genocide done by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. he despised jews or blond haired and blue eyed people. this was all going on during WWII. the jews were first cut out form society and then slowly slowly being killed in mass murders killing jews and non jews also. in all jews and non jews about 11 million people were killed. the concentration camps were where the jews were kept and there, if they made it that far in the diseased train, they would be gased in gas chambers. lasted until end of WWII. -
Invasion of Normandy
This was an attack by a group of Western Allied forces. This was the largest attack from the sea of WWII. the troops that came in for the attack came from Canada, The Free French forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States. and then many other nations troops joined in on the fun. It went from the middle of the night to dusk for all of the troops to arrive and fully attack. -
Creation of the United Nations
this was an attempt to better help a no violence world. the previous peace conferences and treaties did nothing to help the invasions in japan and tons of millions of people killed. so this was a better attmpt to support that and it is still intact today along with NATO and EU and Red Cross and many more organizations like that. -
Atomic bombings on Japan
In the sixth and final year of WWII the Allied forces had to do something that they knew was coming. they had to end the war.First they set out an unconditional surrender to the Jpanese forces and they refused it. So thay set out and dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in three days. Nagasaki and Hiroshima. in the first day of the bombing 50,000 people had died and within the next couple of days many more died out alos. due to that the Japanese forces had to surrender and that was the end of WWII -
marshall plan
an American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion (approximately $120 billion in current dollar value) in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II. -
Cold war begins
most commonly know with the Berlin wall and why it went up. It was put up to avoid the eastern berliners to come over and increase poverty in west berlin. it was a lot of military and political tension. and it gets it s name from the fact that the two sides didnt have a physical warin berlin even though out of berlin there were many battles like korea and britain and places like that.. the two sides were basically the two sides that were fighting the war. Allied forced and Warsaw pact and USSR. -
Truman Doctrine
President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. -
NATO is formed
an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party -
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Korean war
a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States of America fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards. -
End of the Soviet Union
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers – including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes – to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian Flag. -
de satlinization of Soviet Union
a process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of head of state Joseph Stalin in 1953. The reforms consisted of changing or removing key institutions that helped Stalin hold power: the cult of personality that surrounded him, the Stalinist political system and the Gulag labour-camp system, all of which had been created and dominated by him as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, among other titles, from 1922–52 -
building of berlin wall
a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989,[1] constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened in November 1989.[2] Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992.[3] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip" -
cuban missile crisis
a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. It played out on television worldwide and was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. -
civil rights act in the usa
The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. -
student protest in paris
Students at the Sorbonne University in Paris met on May 3 to protest against the closure and the threatened expulsion of several students at Nanterre.[6] On Monday, 6 May, the national student union, the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France (UNEF)—still the largest student union in France today—and the union of university teachers called a march to protest against the police invasion of Sorbonne. More than 20,000 students, teachers and supporters marched towards the Sorbonne -
Gorbachev takes power
He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the party was dissolved. He served as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991 (titled as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and as President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991.only leader to be born after October Revolution -
Collapse of the berlin wall
the fall was through a misinterpreted message at a conference. the meaasge was passed on and the by the time they realized that they realized that the wall was already coming down and the war had ended. it was all over. -
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Gulf war
a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of KuwaitThe war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War -
reunification of Germany
the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city -
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Civil War in Yugoslavia
Thsi was colloection wars that went from 1991 to 2001. a toatal of six wars all around the different parts of yugolavia. ethnic conflicts fought from 1991 to 2001 inside the territory of the former Yugoslavia. These wars accompanied and/or facilitated the breakup of the country, when its constituent republics declared independence, but the issues of ethnic minorities in the new countries (chiefly Serbs in central parts and Albanians in the southeast) were still unresolved at the time the republi -
European Union is created
To unify europe better these countries got together to ensure that no more war was waged on these people. -
War in Afghanistan
this war between afghanistan and most bigger nations has been going on since 2001 and is still going till today even though now the amount of fighting going has decreased imensely.it was mainly a way to get rid of Al-Queda. -
911
a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people (including 19 hijackers) and caused at least $10 billion in property and infrastructure damage.Four passenger airliners were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists to be flown into buildings in suicide attacks.
