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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Created the three laws
The Law of Segregation: a gene pair defines each inherited trait. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritan -
Friedrich Meischer
Friedrich Meischer (1844-1895)
Miescher isolated the first crude preparation of DNA, he just didn’t know it. He named it nuclein. Miescher entered medical school. When he graduated in 1868, Miescher ruled out specialties where patient interactions were necessary because of his hearing problem. Miescher collected bandages from a nearby clinic and washed off the pus. He experimented and isolated a new molecule – nuclein – from the cell nucleus. He determined that nuclein was made up of hydrogen, -
Beadle and Tatum
In 1941, Beadle and Tatum turned to a simpler creature, in which specific products of metabolism could be directly studied. A bread mold, Neurospora crassa, proved ideal. Neurospora can be cultured together with sugar, inorganic salts, and the vitamin biotin. This fungus has a short life cycle, and reproduces sexually and replicates asexually—that is, sexual reproduction gives rise to spores. -
Oswald Avery
Oswald Avery (1877-1955)
Before passing away due to suffering from liver cancer, Avery endowed a bacteria labortory research in the United States. Avery published a clinical study of the tuberculosis bacterium. -
Erwin Chargaff
Erwin Chargaff
Isolated DNA from different organisms and measured the levels of each of the four nitrogen bases. Chargaff created the ratios from the nitrogen bases. A=T and C=G -
Human Cells vs Animal Cells
The most characteristic feature of plant cells is their rigid cell wall. Human cells only have a cell membrane. The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose, which is composed of glucose monomers. As the outermost layer of the cell, it has many important functions. It prevents the plasma membrane from bursting as a result of water uptake and it determines the overall cell shape and texture. -
Rosalid Franklin
Rosalid Franklin (1920-1958)
Rosalind Franklin produced the X-ray crystallography pictures of BDNA which Watson and Crick used to determine the structure of double-stranded DNA. Working with a student, Raymond Gosling, Franklin was able to get two sets of high-resolution photos of crystallized DNA fibers. She used two different fibers of DNA, one more highly hydrated than the other. From this she deduced the basic dimensions of DNA strands, and that the phosphates were on the outside of what was -
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. -
Hershy and Chase
Alfred Hershey (1908-1997)
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase did the Hershey-Chase blender experiment that proved phage DNA, and not protein, was the genetic material. Hershey established the American Phage Group which had a tremendous influence on bacteriophage research. Here he and Martha Chase did the Hershey-Chase blender experiment. For this, and his body of work on bacteriophage, Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria. -
James Watson and Francis Crick
James Watson and Francis Crick (12 year age difference)
James Watson and Francis Crick came up with the structure for DNA. sed data from the other scientist and built models to finally figure out the exact structure of DNA. After wiring a paper, flipping a coin to see who gets to name the paper, in 1962, they won the Nobel Peace prize in Medicine. -
Test Tube Baby
On 25 July, 1978, the first test-tube baby, Louise Brown, was born. Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe, who were both responsible for the birth, are considered to be the pioneers of IVF. In 2010, Robert Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of in-vitro fertilization". -
DNA Technology
DNA technology has revolutionized modern science. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or an organism's genetic material—inherited from one generation to the next—holds many clues that have unlocked some of the mysteries behind human behavior, disease, evolution, and aging. As technological advances lead to a better understanding of DNA, new DNA-based technologies will emerge. -
Dolly The Sheep
Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Animal cloning from an adult cell is much more difficult than from an embryonic cell. So when scientists working at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly, the only lamb born from 277 attempts, it was a major news story around the world. -
Human Genome
FIrst draft sequence ws published on Febuary 12th, 2001. The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence for humans (Homo sapiens), encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. -
Manipulating DNA
Mechanical manipulation of single DNA molecules can provide novel information about DNA properties and protein–DNA interactions. Here we describe and characterize a useful method for manipulating desired DNA sequences from any organism with optical tweezers. Molecules are produced from either genomic or cloned DNA by PCR using labeled primers and are tethered between two optically trapped microspheres. We demonstrate that human, insect, plant, bacterial and viral sequences ranging from ∼10 to 40 -
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" -
CRISPR
The development of efficient and reliable ways to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells is a long-standing goal for biomedical researchers. Recently, a new tool based on a bacterial CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) from Streptococcus pyogenes has generated considerable excitement -
Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Dolly the Sheep was the first cloned creature made in 2012.
