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Visual Materials
School museums housed visual media, such as films, slides and photographs.The motion picture projector was one of the first media devices used in schools.Visual instruction movement grew, five national professional organizations and five journal publications were established. -
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Audiovisual Materials
Radio broadcasting, sound recordings and sound motion picture led to an increase in instructional design. Great Depression in 1929 impacts audio visual instruction movement losing over $50 million. 1920-1930s textbooks on visual instruction were written. 1903s many deemed radio as the medium that would revolutionize education. -
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner believed learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis of observable events Reference:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. -
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Critical Theory
Critical theory developed from the Frankfurt School theoreticians. -
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Origin of Instructional Design
World War II psychologists and educators collaborate to conduct research and develop training materials for military services. -
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World War II
Psychologists and educators conduct research experiments and develop training materials for military services. Based on the work of Robert Gagne, Leslie Briggs and John Flanagan and many others instructional principles derived from research and theory on instruction, learning and human behavior. -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's work influenced how instructional designers planned to motivate learners and its impact on performance. -
Television 1950-1960
1952 FCC set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes which triggered the growth of instructional television. Reference:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. -
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Solutions to Learning Problems or Goals
The discovery of instructional technology was the "design and use of messages which control the learning process." Systematic design steps were developed in this era.The current state improved performance through facilitated learning. -
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Bloom's Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom developed a classification of learning outcomes and objectives, providing an order for cognitive behaviors. -
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Cognitivism
In the late 1950s learning theories shift from Behaviorism to cognitive sciences, then later cognitive revolution in the 1970s. Cognitive theories stress the acquisition of knowledge and internal mental structures. References:
Cooper, P. A. (1993). Paradigm Shifts in Designed Instruction: From Behaviorism to Cognitivism to Constructivism. Educational technology, 33(5), 12-19. -
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Present Computers and digital devices
Instructional designers began using computers as a tool to develop instruction and help improve on-the-job performance. Reference:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. -
ADDIE Model
Originally developed for the U.S. Armed Forces the ADDIE model is a systematic approach to design. -
Dick & Carey Model
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Constructivism
Constructivism is a theory based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. Learners construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences. Reference:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. -
Keller's ARCS Model
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Human Performance Improvement
The human performance improvement movement takes off with an emphasis on on-the-job performance, business results and non-instructional solutions to performance problems. (pg 16). -
SMART Boards
SMART boards were introduced into primary ans secondary schools to encourage interaction between the content displayed and learners. -
4C/ID Model
The four component model was developed by Merrienboer -
MOOCs Trending
Currently trending massive open online courses which require highly self-motivated learners. -
e-learning
Rise of social online learning, MOOCs, just-in-time training and informational learning.
