History of Management

By mshonkwi

  • Industrial Revoultion

    Management as we know it begins with the Industrial Revoultion. There are new technologies available.The world is becoming a global marketplace, so not only are we able to sell things overseas, but ideas and business practices begin to be shared as well. However, the biggest reason that this is the start of management as we know it, is that this is where the documented knowlege of management begins.

  • Scientific Management - F.W. Taylor

    This is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency. Scientific management consist of four principles: observing employees doing their task and look to how it can be improved, take the improved task method and create written rules and operating procedures, select workers that are best suited to the task, create an acceptable performance level and reward for producing above. (Jones, 2014, p. 39-40)

  • Theory of Bureaucracy

    Max Weber creates the Principles of Bureaucracy, "a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. A bureaucracy needs, a ranking of authority, written rules and operating procedures, clear outline of task and role relationships, and a evaluations system that fairly and equally rewards employees. (Jones, 2014, p. 45)

  • Andrew Carnegie and the New Industrial Company

    Andrew Carnegie, observes the steel making process in all its parts, as well as the new technology of the time and decides that it would be more efficent and low-cost to consolidate the steel making process into one plant to cut out shipping costs and new production at each plant. Additionally, while not ethical, Carnegie implented new management practices (incresed work day and week, low employee wages) which created a need for Administrative Management. (Jones, 2014, p. 44)

  • The Gilbreths

    The Gilbreths worked to refine Taylor's studies. Their purpose was to every action needed to preform a task, and break that into component actions, find better was to preform each component action, and reorganize the component actions so that the whole process becomes more efficeint. Additionlly the Gilbreths studied how the work environement (heat, light, etc.) effects worker preformance. Through these studies, new management therorys were able to evolve. (Jones, 2014, p. 42)

  • Fayol's Principles of Management

    Set fo principles that are the foundation for management today. These princliples are belived to be essental to be able to increase the effeicency of the management process: division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization, unity of direction, equity, order, initiative, discipline, renumeration of personnel, stablity of tenure of personnel, subordination of individual intrests to the common intrest, and esprit de corps. (Jones, 2014, p. 47)

  • Clayton Antitrust Act

    Allowed employess to strike and boycott their employeers. This is important to management as it gave the workers a way to voice their displeasure with workplace conditions. Management needed to take notice of what their employees had to say. (Cussen, 2013)

  • Hawthorne Studies

    These studies started with the intention of studying the effect of lighting on worker fatigue and performance. However, the important find that came from the study was not about the lights, but rather that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers performance levels. This idea became known as the Hawthorne effect. This is key to management, as it propted training to supervisors that would maximize efficiency.

  • Wagner Act

    This act gave Unions legal protections, and union membership grew quickly. This was important for managers because previously, organizations could try to ignore unions. With this act the company could stop people from joining the union, collective bargining began happening, and more worker protections were able to be established. (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008)

  • Fair Labor Standards Act

    This act worked to establish a minimum wage, a limit on the number of hours worked per week, as well as reguation of child labor. For management this ment having to change business practices, generally upping the pay, and reducing the hours worked per week. (Cussen, 2013)

  • Hierarchy of Needs

    Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, stays that each person has 5 basic needs, physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self actualization. Understanding these needs in a organizaions employees, allows management to help create dedicated and loyal employees. (Clark, 2004)

  • WWII

    With so many men off fighting in the war, it helped move women from in the home into the work place. As men and women don't respond the same to management styles, these styles were forced to adapt.

  • Contingency Theory

    This theory is very important for management as its key idea is that " There is no tone best way to organize". This is a key idea, becasue it requires management to find an organizational structure that fits the external environment. Stable environments need mechanistic structure, while chanings eviornments need an organic structure. (Jones, 2014, p. 57)

  • Theory X vs Theory Y

    Theory X believes that workers are lazy and need to be watched closely otherwise the work may not get done, to control the employees, a strict sent of rules and a system of punishment and reward must be established. Theory Y believes that employees, given the chance, will do what is good for the organization, to do this managers should be decentralized and make sure the employees have the resources to achieve the organizations goals. Theory Y is often utilized today (Jones, 2014, p. 53-55)

  • Equal Pay Act

    Wanted to establish equal pay for men and women. The idea is equal pay for equal work. This is important for management, becasue it did work to change wages to being more equal, there is still a long way to go. It is estimated that women still only make 77 cents to very dollar made by a man. (Olson, 2013)

  • Civil Rights Act

    This act outlawed the discrimination of people of color through stopping segregation. This was an important time for management, not just because they how had to hire people of color as employees, but in that how they ran their organizations, if they had segregated facilites, had to change as well.

  • Management Grid

    A visual grid of management is created by Jane Mouton and Robert Blake. Their grid has two axis, labled "concern for people" and "concern for task". This tool helps managers learn their leadership style, the goal is to recieve the max in both "concern for people" and in 'concern for task". (Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid, 2013)

  • OSHA Established

    The purpose of the Occupational Safety and Health Act was to create safety in the workplace for public employees. With this new act in effect, new management practices had to be established so that the employees would be able to work in a safer environment. (MacLaury, 1984)

  • Management Science Theory

    This is a modern extension of Taylor's work. It used quantitivae techniques to help mangers s make optimal use of an organization's resources. Some other forms of management that fall into this category include, quantitative management, operations management, totaly quality management, and management information systems. (Jones, 2014, p. 55)

  • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    This act affects management, becasue it not only protects a person from getting fired becasue of their disabliltiy, but requires employers to make reasonsable accomidations for that person to do their job. This means that management has a big part in making this happen. (Watts, 2010)