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NARC
The National Association for Retarted Citizens was created in 1950. NARC was formed by twenty-three individual advocacy groups that believed in one thing, so they joined forces to be more influential. During the passing of IDEA, there were over 200,000 members. NARC helps with litigation and seeing that critical precedents through judicial process is met. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
President John F. Kennedy created the President’s Panel on Mental Retardation. In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which provided funding for primary education, and is seen by advocacy groups as expanding access to public education for children with disabilities.Educating students with disabilities is still NOT mandated by federal or state law. However, creation of the Bureau signified that a change was on the horizon. -
PARC V.S PENNSYLVANIA
All children, whether having mental retardation or not, could benefit from any type of free training or education. It was also argued that not having free educational resources will negatively effect the way a child develops. Although the children with mental retardation would benefit differently than other children, they would be able to develop levels of self-care. -
Mills vs. DC Board of Education
Mills was a civil action brought to the Federal US District Court by the families of seven children with disabilities. The children were denied an education because their home schools said that they couldn't fulfill their special needs. The home school also said that they would not be able to cover all of the expenses that would be needed to educate the students with disabilities. The ruling was in favor of the plaintiffs (Mills). Also, another big step forward in Special Education Reform. -
The U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by Federal agencies, in programs receiving Federal financial assistance, in Federal employment, and in the employment practices of Federal contractors. The standards for determining employment discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act are the same as those used in title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act or PL 94-142 was a huge stride for Special Education Reform. The act said that all public schools receiving federal funding most provide a free and appropriate education (FAPE) for all students with disabilities between the ages of 5-21. Schools were order to evaluate those students and create a game plan with the parents to ensure the best possible education(IEP). Students were to be taught in the least resrtictive environment (LRE). -
The American with Disabilities Act of 1990
Signed by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, the ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. Disability is defined by the ADA as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity." -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA
The IDEA was a statue to the EAHCA of 1975. Signed by President Clinton, the act called for early detection of children with disabilities before they enter school and to provide needed services. Individual Education Programs (IEP's) were also a part of this act. It was the act goal to bring the parents and schools together to form an educational program. This act also wanted disable children learning with their non-disable peers. -
No Child Left Behind Act
NCLB is a law that requires state-wide assessments for all students in grades 3-8 and one assessment during high school. The law was signed by President Bush.The assessments are created by the individual states and are to include math/reading/science. States determine what is proficiency is acceptable. In Iowa students must work to be above the 41st percentile. There has been a large amount of negative responses to this act since its creation, mostly by educators. -
IDEA 2004
The law was reauthorized by Congress in 2004, prompting a series of changes in the way special education services are implemented. IEP's were to be improved upon by making progress reports mandatory. Transitional services were also an important addition to the IEP. The IDEA 2004 also made better defined rules on the discipline for students with disabilities. Students cannot be suspended for more than 10 days if there suspension is a result of the disability.
