History of the Atom

Democritus

465 BCE

Adopted the atomic theory form his mentor, 'there are two things in the universe, an atom, and the void it moves in.' Decided that atoms were miniscule quanities of matter. Thought they couldn't be destroyed, differe in size or shape, are always moving and invisible. Thinks there was an infinite number of atoms

Peloponnesian war

395 BCE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BKD2fVDij0
Peloponnesian war, civil war in Greece. Fought by Athens against the Spartans after the Athena bustled through the Spartans with power and caused this fighting.

Aristotle

355 BCE

Thought that atoms weren't real and everything was composed of one of earths four elements, wind, water, earth and fire. Taught this beliefes regliously and caused others to overlook Democritus idea of atoms as a general. Ended up pushing science back 2,000 years. Are now no longer believed, obviously

Battle of Zenta

Oct 5, 1697

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_Y1HClRx5o
Ottomans suffered an overwhelming defeat at the battle of Zenta. Prince Eugene killed 20,000 ottomans, captured the treasury and all of its artillery.

Peter the Great

Oct 5, 1725

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHP2V487eFQ
Peter the great dies after ruling for 42 years, he was 52 at his death.

Antonie Lavoisier

Oct 5, 1780

Turned Hg0 into hg+0 and used this experiement to come up with the law of conservation. States that matter can't be made or lost but thought it might be able to be rearranged, either way he thought that no matter what, it can't be destroyed

John Dalton

Oct 5, 1787

Said elements consisted of tiny particles called atoms, states that elements are pure and consist of one substance. Came up with the idea of compounds and fixed ratios. Decided that his theory involved the re-arrangment of atoms once a chemical change took place, Basically came up with a lot of ideas that scientist now follow to this day.

Louis XVI

Oct 5, 1793

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvJCnwkFJ1M
Louis XVI was killed after being tried to treason, a near unanimous vote later the death penalty vote was 387 to 334.

Joseph Proust

Oct 5, 1794

Started the law of definite proportions. Stats that the ratio of elements in compounds are ALWAYS the same. Also might half thought about the 'lego'ness of matter (believed that matter could be put together in different ways to make new things or various things.

Amadeo Avagadro

Oct 5, 1811

Created a hypothesis that became known as Avogadro's Law, a fundamental law of gases. He thought that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Later came the idea that relative molecular weights of any two gases are always the same as the ratio of the densities of the two gases under the same condition.

Congress of Vienna

Oct 5, 1814

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBRR31ocLlg
Congress of Vienna took place to maintain the balance of the power in Europe. Congress was attended by all the nations prior to the Napoleonic War. Legitimate dynasties were restored to power. Kingdom of the Netherlands was established.

Henri Becquerel

Oct 5, 1852

After the discovery of x-rays becquerel thought maybe phosphorescent elements (uranium) could emit some kind of radiation similar to that of x-rays if exposed to light. He tested this by placing uranium salts on top of photographic plate wrapped in black paper to protect it from sunlight. After 7 hours the image could be seen on the plate. Thought the sun caused some invisible radiation. Found out that uranium was doing it without sun

William Crookes

Oct 5, 1879

Studied the effects of sending an electric current through a gass in a sealed tube. Tube had electrodes at either end, flow of electrically charged particles moved from one to another. Called cathode, known as cathode rays. First thought to be negatively charge atoms or molecules.

Alexander II

Oct 5, 1881

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BeiYZcGejE
A bomb in St. Petersburg Killed Alexander II Czar of Russia. He ruled for 26 years.

Max Planck

Oct 5, 1900

To explain colors of hot glowing matter he though energy radiate in very minute and discrete quantized amounts. Called it energy quanta and was able to determine the energy of each is equal to the frequency. Coined an erg as an amount of energy to raise a milligram of mass by a distance. Has become one of the basic constants of physics.

Madame Curie

Oct 5, 1900

Discovered other elements that emitted strange energy similar to uranium. She was the first to decided that the amount of radiation depended on the amount of the element present in the compound. She got a nobel prize in 1903. in 1898 found two new elements, radium and polonium. Took four year to totally isolate these elements in 1 decigram of radium chloride from 7 tons of raw ore. Marie carried research on her on. Second nobel prize in 1911, for isolating pure radium.

Death of Queen Victoria

Oct 5, 1901

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfwF3n4TYgM
Queen Victoria died. She was 82 years old and ruled since 1837.

J.J Thomson

Oct 5, 1904

Suggested a model of the atom. A sphere of positive matter where electrons are positioned by electrostatic force. Estimated the number of electrons in an atom. Came up with x, beta, and gamma rays.

Albert Einstein

Oct 5, 1905

Atomic theory states that liquid is made up of random molecules that you can't see. Einstein however realized that the moving of invisible molecules produced statical fluctuations (once in a while one group could move in the same direction, mostly) Einstein calculated the average distance an immersed visible particle would travel in a given time. He created math laws to govern the movement of these particles and tested it extensional. Later Jean Perrin testing it and won the nobel prize.

Robery Millikan

Oct 5, 1908

measured the charge on an electron. Atomizer from a perfume btotle was used to spray water/oil droplets into a sample chamber. Some droplets fell through a pinhoe into a electric field where they were observed by microscope. Was able tos how that an intergral multiple of a smlal but finite value = the charge

Ernest Rutherford

Oct 5, 1911

Got ride of Thomson's model with his gold foil theory. Shows the atom has a tiny heavy nucleus with a positive charge. Almost all the mass is concentrated around which the light, negative constituents, electrons.

Henry Moseley

Oct 5, 1912

Working with Rutherford he started working with radioactive chemical elements. Tried to use a high positive voltage to pull beta particles back to radioactive source. Tried insulating their radioactive source (radium) so it'd be positive. Could reach potential of one million volts. However, he created first atomic battery.

Niels Bohr

Oct 5, 1912

Bohr was working with Thomson in England. He started studying atoms under Rutherford. Used Rutherford's description and Planck's theory about quanta he explained what is going inside and atom. Got a nobel prize for this in 1922. First to discover that electrons travel in separate orbits around the nucleus.

Wener Heisenberg

Oct 5, 1924

Conducted research with Niels Bohhr. Developed the Matrix Mechanics. Formulation of wuantium mecahnis. It was the first defintion of such and extended on Bohrs model of atoms. It gave further detail and described how the quantium jump occurs. Interpreted the physcal properties of particles as matrices that evolve over time

Louis deBroglie

Oct 5, 1925

His ideas were the bas for developing wav mechanics theory. He thought that electrons could act like both particles and waves. Said waves produced by electrons contained in the orbit around the nucleus. He discovered that electrons can act like waves which helped explain some of the things electrons do that we could before. Today it's applied to quantum physics with lasers, computers, and microscopes. Got a nobel prize in 1929

Erwin Schrodinger

Oct 5, 1926

Used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position. Called the quantum mechanical model of the atom. This does not define thee xact path of an electron but predicts the odds of the location it'll be. Seen as a cloud this introduced the concept of sub-energy levels

Collectivization

Oct 5, 1929

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcumJNNX0qc
Stalin started a policy of forced collectivization. Farmers were forced off their land and into collectives. If you refused, you were killed. Thousands died and soviet agriculture still suffers.

James Chadwick

Oct 5, 1932

bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha particles. Unknown radiation was produced. Thought this meant that it was being composed of particles with a neutral electrical charge and the mass of a proton. Later this particle because known as a neutron.

Korean war

Oct 5, 1950

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-yRq8ewm_k
Began when north korea invaded south korea. United states came to help the south koreans. China and soviet came to help North Korea. South didn't have weapons or things such as that and loss to many different battles

Rwandan Genocide

Oct 5, 1994

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWcKnp-e-ow
The Rwandan genocide, mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government.