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The American School for the Deaf
The American School for the Deaf (ASD) is the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States. It was founded April 15, 1817 in Hartford, Connecticut by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc and became a state-supported school later that year. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet is an icon in deaf as well as hearing culture. Gallaudet took the bold first step in educating the deaf. Founding the American School for the Deaf revolutionized education and took great strides in education. -
The Council for Exceptional Children
CEC In the summer of 1922, a group of students attending the Teachers College at Columbia University organized a meeting to discuss ways to promote fellowship among educators as well as a means of exchanging ideas among workers in special education. The students invited Elizabeth Farrell, their professor, to attend this meeting at which the International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children was founded, later known as the CEC. -
The National Association for Retarded Citizens
The ARC is an advocacy group formed by parents of disabled children and other advocates who believe that those with disabilities should receive FAPE in the LRE. Without the ARC, the landmark case of Brown v. Board of education, and Parc v. Pennsylvania, we would most likely not have IDEA, IEP's, and special education programs for children with disabilities. -
Mills v Board of Education
The school district admitted that an estimated 12,340 children with disabilities would not be served during the 1971–72 school year because of budget constraints. The U.S. District Court ruled, in a pretrial hearing, that school districts were constitutionally prohibited from deciding that they had inadequate resources to serve children with disabilities because the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also extended rights to students with mental illness. -
PARC v the Commonwealth of PA
This seminal case contested a state law that specifically allowed public schools to deny services to children "who have not attained a mental age of five years" at the time they would ordinarily enroll in first grade. Under a consent decree, the state agreed to provide full access to a free public education to children with mental retardation up to age 21. Also established the standard of appropriateness - that each child be offered an education appropriate to his or her learning capacity. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is enacted into statute. This national law protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability. It applies to organizations that receive federal money. It also provides equal access. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) is enacted. This was also known as P.L. 94-142. Today we know this law as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).Before 1975, children with disabilities were mostly denied an education solely on the basis of their disabilities. EAHCA, along with some key supreme court cases, mandated all school districts to educate students with disabilities. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is enacted. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became law in 1990. The ADA is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places. ADA adopts the Section 504 regulations as part of the ADA statute. In turn, numerous “504 Plans” for individual students start to become more common place in school districts. -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is a United States Act of Congress that is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which included Title I, the government's flagship aid program for disadvantaged students. NCLB supports standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals can improve individual outcomes in education.The Act requires states to develop assessments in basic skills. -
IDEA Reauthorized
IDEA Provisions There are several changes from the 1997 reauthorization. The biggest changes call for more accountability at the state and local levels, as more data on outcomes is required. Another notable change involves school districts providing adequate instruction and intervention for students to help keep them out of special education.
