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CAUSES OF INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
In the independence of Latin America, as in any complex process, many causes can be distinguished, among them: 1.Economic 2.Social 3. Ideological. -
Independence in Latin America
It was a historical process of rebellion, of its inhabitants against the Spanish colonial rule and the formation of
independent nation states.It began with the proclamation of Sovereign
Boards in 1809. -
THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
The Sovereign Boards, the South American Creoles held three theses: The rejection of Napoleon's claims to America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and, most importantly, the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king, who no longer had any power. -
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
After the defeat, the armies of Lima and Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered 300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. In the beginning, the Juntas were not independent: they were called interim depositaries of the sovereignty until the legitimate king returned. -
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY
The first Junta de Buenos Aires organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created.In the Banda Oriental, the rural population rose against the Spanish authorities in Montevideo. In this action, Artigas no longer participated, since he was exiled in Paraguay. -
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
In the first, Simón Bolívar -Member of the Caraqueña boards of
1811- was named new military leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator", united forever to his first name. -
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil (1807) and later promoted a legal reform (1815) by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the "Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve". Thus, Rio de Janeiro becomes the seat of an absolute monarchy as well as those of Europe, and no longer a colony. -
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA
Morillo soon resumed control of Venezuela and New Granada. But, in 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war.Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans, only now he first had to liberate Chile.The crossing was epic, but, as they had planned, the six columns met less than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile. -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
The priest Miguel Hidalgo was placed in front of the Indians and peasants and launched, as we saw, the "cry of independence" in the town of Dolores. Throughout three years, it obtained triumphs with its army and occupied several cities of Mexico but was defeated in Guadalajara and executed by the realistic authorities in 1811. 1821 but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican independence in 1839. -
The last independence of Latin America
La independencia de Panamá (28 de noviembre de 1821) La independencia de Bolivia (6 de agosto de 1825) La independencia de la República Dominicana de Haití (27 de febrero de 1844) La independencia de Cuba (20 de mayo de 1902) -
CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala declared its independence from the Spanish Crown One year later, Guatemala and its provinces
formed an independent state of federal character with the name of United Provinces of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala.
Provinces of the Center of America;of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. However, local oligarchies promoted separation.
Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada an, therefore became independent along with Colombia.. -
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
The uprising in favor of the independence of the Realista Regiment Numancia -integrated by Venezuelans and Quiteños - opened the doors of Lima to San Martin (July 5, 1821), and forced the viceroy La Serna to leave the city and enter the mountains, with an army still very numerous. San Martin declared independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority. -
HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America. In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, which would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. But what will be called the Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
Let us remember how the independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia. -
SAN MARTIN AND BOLIVAR
In their meetings in Guayaquil 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru. Surprisingly, San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war completely. -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Four months later, while Bolivar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho (9-12-1824) , which put an end to Spanish rule in South America. Sucre went to Alto Peru in 1825, where there was no resistance, and made it independent as a sovereign state that adopted the name of Bolivia in honor of Simón Bolívar. -
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
The scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. -
. INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
The USA does not want to lose the possibility of taking over the largest island of the Antilles and, in 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain. The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered
the American occupation. -
La independencia en América Latina-Web
Only Cuba and Puerto Rico continued to be Spanish colonies until 1898. The situation that precipitated the beginning of the first independence movements was the occupation of Spain by Napoleonic troops, after the attempt of the restored monarchy of Ferdinand VII to recover the previous situation in the colonial empire, an unstoppable emancipatory process took place that has common characteristics, although with some particularities, depending on the colonial situation of each place.
