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Enclosure Acts
A series of laws about the privatisation of lands and so, the change of the owners. It helped in increasing their profits -
John Kay’s flying shuttle
Belonging to the advances in the textile industrie, it helped in increasing the speed of production. With this invention, workers could weave bigger fabrics. -
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First Industrial evolution
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution there had been different changes related to agriculture,the machinery, trade; transports and the financial system. -
James Watt’s steam engine
The steam engine used the power from steam to generate continuous movements. This would be transferrd to machinery. -
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
In his work Adam Smith defended the free market arguing that it was well organised in order to produce the right amount of goods -
Invention of the power loom
Its creator was Edmund Cartwright. It also helped in increasing fabric production and it achieved the descent of prices. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
After Manuel Godoy, Charles IV's prime minister, allied with the French against Britain, this treaty allowed the French troops to pass through Spain towards Portugal, an ally of the British. -
Abdications of Bayonne
They took place after the Mutiny of Aranjuez, when Ferdinand VII conspired against his father and became king. In these abdications, Napoleon convinced the Bourbons to hand over the crown of Spain to his brother, Joseph I. The new king instaured liberal measures and was defended by the afrancesados, but the patriots were against him and formed Juntas and the Cortes. -
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War of Independence
This war started with the popular uprising in Madrid the 2nd of May of 1808. The firt phase of the war was the popular resistance, which consisted in guerrilla warfared made by irregular troops (they stopped the French's advance southwards at the Battle of Bailén). The socond phase was the French offensive, between 1808 and 1812, when Napoleon commanded an army and several cities were besieged. It ended with the Anglo-Spanish victories (Battle of Los Arapiles) and the Treaty of Valençay (1813). -
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Luddite movement
It was the first protests led by workers against industrialisation. They destructed machinery believing that it was the cause of unemployment. -
1812 Spanish Constitution
This constitution was drafted by the Cádiz Cortes, which were made up of representatives of every provincial Junta (who were mainly liberal). It established a separation of powers, national sovereingty, broad individual freedoms and universal male suffrage. It was also called "La Pepa" because it was approved the 19th of March, the day of St. Joseph. Although it was approved in 1808, it didn't come fully into effect because of the wars. -
Treaty of Valençay
In this treaty, which took place after the Spanish and British victory over the French at the Battle of Los Arapiles, the French troops retreated form Spain and the crown was handed back to Ferdinand VII "The Desired". -
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Reign of Ferdinand VII
The reign of Ferdinand is divided in three phases: the Six Years of Absolutism (1814-1820, the 1812 Constitution was repealed, liberals were persecuted), the Liberal Trienium (1820-1823, the constitution was reinstated, the National Militia was created) and the Ominous Decade (1823-1833, Spain was bankrupt, a giscal reform was proposed, Isabella II was born and Ferdinand VII issued the Pragmatic Sanction to repeal the Salic Law). -
Manifiesto de los Persas
It was a manifest written by the defnders of absolutism, defending the return th the throne of Ferdinand VII after the reign of Joseph Bonaparte. -
Pronunciamiento de Rafael del Riego
This pronunciamiento was made by Colonel Rafael del Riego in Sevilla and marked the end of the Six Years of Absolutism and the start of the Liberal Triennium. -
Holy Alliance Intervention: Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis
During Liberal Triennium (1820-1823), Ferdinand the VII asked the other European absolutist monarchies for help to stop the liberal governnment. The Holy Alliance sent the Hundred Thousand Sons of St Louis, commmanded by the Duke of Angoulême, who defeated the liberals, restored absolutism in Spain and ended the Liberal Triennium. -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts
It consisted of a series of strikes and the later attempt to reimpose them was failed . The Combination Acts were against trade unionism. -
Stephenson’s Steam locomotive
Stephenson developed a locomotive system which used the steam engine to generate the continuous movement of the wheels. -
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First Carlist War
This war started with the death of Fedindand VII. His daoughter Isabella II was only three years old, so her mother Maria Cristina became the regent. However, some absolutist (Carlists) were in favour of Ferdinand's brother Carlos. The church, priviledged classes and the rural areas supported Carlos, while the bourgeoisie and the big cities supported Isabella. The Carlists and the Isabelinos fought in the Carlist War. -
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Reign of Isabella II
The reign of Isabella started in 1833, it was the start of building a liberal state in Spain.
In her reign there were many changes of power: between progressives and moderate liberals. As a consequence, there are several constitutions from this period.
The system started to decline in 1856 -
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
It defended the right of association to reduce the working day and to improve wages and to regulate child labour. -
1837 Constitution
The progressive constitution recognised national soverignty with census suffrage, the separation of powers and the two chambers (Congress of Deputies and the Senate), and it granted many rights and individual liberties -
1845 Constitution
The moderate Constitution consisted in highly restricted census suffrage, restricted civil liberties, sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown and reorganisation of State and municipal administration (only asque country and Navarre had statutory laws at this moment). -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
This invention helps to manufactures Steel, which was a new material resulting from the combination of iron and carbon. This served to construct machinery ,tools, buildings and public Works. -
First International
It was related to marxism. It was the first international workingmen's association, which goal was to achieve social emancipation. It Split in 1876 because of the ideological differences between marxists, anarchists and trade unions. -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
He defended in his work the communism and the need to destroy capitalism. His goal was a workers' revolution. -
Start of the monarchy of Amadeo of Savoy
He started his reign in 1870. He was chosen to take the throne and he had the support of progressives, unionists and democrats. The government also introduced new measures to help economic recovery and democratisation process.
However, he had a strong opposition:
• Moderates
• Some representatives of the Church loyal to the Bourbons
• Republicans -
Proclamation of the First Republic
Due to the abdication of Savoy, the Cortes voted for a republic. Lower social classes were happy and the republics prepared a programme of social and economic reforms. In 1873, the federal republicans won the elections so they drafted a constitution which was never aproved.
There were problems and too high expectations and the monarchy came back in 1874. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
General Martínez Campos proclaimed Isabella’s II son, Alfonso XII, king of Spain in 1875.
In his second regin's year, they drafted a new constitution -
Second International
After the split of the Fist International, this one was created by the marxists to coordinate the different socialists parties. It established some identity symbols.
