-
Period: to
Visual Instruction
There is an increase of visual technology. Instructors use lantern and slide projectors to supplement lessons. These resources are limited due to resistance to change, difficulty operating equipment, and lack of slides/cost. -
Period: to
WWII
Audiovisual instruction is used, in the military, to educate soldiers. This educated soldiers quickly and prepared them for war. Civilians also used audiovisual technology to prepare to work industrial jobs. During this time, assessments were developed to screen soldiers' prerequisite skills. Distinguishing a soldier's strengths and weakness helped them choose an appropriate training ares while serving in the military. -
Period: to
Task Analysis
Following the success of using audiovisual technology to train soldiers, psychologists develop task analysis. These professional put a system into place that analyzes a training program's purpose, design, and provides ways to evaluate the material. -
Period: to
Instructional Television
T.V. instruction increased. Many public channels were created for the sole purpose of showing instructional television programs. This interested was short-lived due to public interest and school funding. -
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner wrote his influential article, " The Science of Learning and Art of Teaching" which states that learning should: be completed in small steps, respond to questions, give immediate feedback, and paced appropriately. This gave way to the formative evaluation of the effectiveness of educational programs and ways it directly affects learner outcomes. -
Sputnik
With the launch of Sputnik, the military invested millions of dollars into the developmental design of math and science programs in the US. -
Period: to
Rise of Testing
Students' skills are assessed before and after programs to measure how effectiveness of instruction. Educators are encouraged to write objectives for courses, so its purpose is clear. Instruction is created to be sequential. Instruction is evaluated through formative and summative testing. In the 1970s, more instructional design models are analyzed. The military, schools, and businesses use technological media and instructional design models to strengthen programs. -
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation decides to focus on general television programs rather than implementing the instructional tv programs in schools. -
"The Conditions of Learning"
Robert Gange writes "The Conditions of Learning" to show that instruction should be given in a certain sequence. -
Period: to
Computers
Computers become more available for personal use. Many schools are using computers, but primarily for drill/practice activities or teaching computer-related skills only. Towards the end of the 90s, instructional designs implements more "authentic" learning experiences. Presenting the learner with more complex, real world, problems that will help develop the skills needed outside of the classroom. -
Period: to
Technology & the Internet
There is an increase use of media for instructional purposes. Media continues to be used in military, school, and business settings. Availability increases in schools, with the internet, technology is used more for research and problem solving, rather than drill & practice routines. Instructional design becomes more complex, due to multimedia capabilities. Online tools and social media are used frequently in classrooms to support instruction. -
E-Learning
More than half of employees use knowledge bases to help learn and perform their jobs. Social media is commonly used to share learning experiences.
