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Influence of US independence and the French Revolution.
son Ferdinand VII and forced them to abdicate in his favor.
Then, he named his brother, José Bonaparte, king of Spain. In many Spanish cities were organized Autonomous Boards that promised to govern until the return of Fernando VII to the throne, but were dissolved by the French. -
THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. The process continued until it became a true continental war. -
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
They met with little success, for they had no trained armies. The
Creole reaction was increasingly strong and organized, which turned the process into a true continental war that lasted for several years. -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
He introduced a liberal state and agrarian reform. But he had him shot in 1815. Frustrated in their desire for autonomy and free trade, a group of conservative creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican independence in 1839. -
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
To quell the independence movement, Fernando VII ordered to organize the so-called "Peacekeeping expedition" which, under the command of Marshal Pablo Morillo, sailed from Cádiz in 1815. It
was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war: 65 main ships, 18 of battle, a ship of the line of 74 guns, 15,000 men, accouterments, and provisions. -
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
Thus, Rio de Janeiro becomes the seat of an absolute monarchy as well as those of Europe, and no longer a colony. In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed. -
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY
The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-051810) organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, and the resulting government-held independence. This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created.In the Banda Oriental, the rural population rose against the Spanish authorities in Montevideo. -
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA
Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada. One more year of skirmishes and Morillo and Bolívar sign the War Regularization Treaty (27-11-1820), which ends the "War to Death" period. A few months later, the royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the final victory of Venezuela's independence (June 25, 1821). -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans, only now he first had to liberate Chile. For that he spent years
making weapons, bullets, and all kinds of equipment, and organizing the Army of the Andes. -
battle of Maipú
(5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
Let us remember how the independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in
Pichincha (24-05-1822), and entered triumphant Quito (16-06-1822) and, later, he waited for the president of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy to end the war against the royalists. -
PERU
San Martin sailed from Valparaíso with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. It disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820), and forced the realistic army to retreat towards the mountain range. -
CENTRAL AMERICA
shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain. One year later, Guatemala and its provinces formed an independent state, of federal character, -
The viceroy La Serna
leave the city and enter the mountains, with an army still very numerous. San Martin declared independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority -
SAN MARTIN AND BOLIVAR
In their meetings in Guayaquil, Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru. Surprisingly, San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war completely. -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized by the Congress of the Gran Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. In September of that year, he arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. -
Battle of Junín
Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army -
The battle of Ayacucho
Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army -
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
The USA does not want to lose the possibility of taking over the largest island of the Antillesand, in 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain. The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered the American occupation.
