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HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on the French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802. France. In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. -
CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
The precursors of independence realized the differences between the colonies and the metropolis, highlighted their own value and raised the alternative of the homeland as a separate entity from Spain. Influence of the independence of the United States and the French Revolution. Napoleon names King of Spain Later, he named his brother, José Bonaparte, King of Spain. -
THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of independent national states.
Together in 1809. Some of them, especially the first one in Quito, were repressed with fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. -
THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king, who no longer had any power. Quito was to be the first in the history of Hispano-America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own, not designated by the Crown. -
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a
Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. The viceroys of Lima
and Bogota immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not
allow "a grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered
300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. -
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY
The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-051810) organized three military campaigns
to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful.
However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811) -
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
When Fernando VII returned to the throne in 1814, patriotic military campaigns subsisted in Venezuela and the Río de la Plata. VII ordered to organize the so-called «Peacekeeping expedition» which, under the command of Marshal Pablo Morillo, sailed from Cádiz in 1815. -
NEW GRANADA AND VENEZUELA
Morillo soon resumed control of Venezuela and New Granada. But, in 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua. Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas. which sealed the independence of New Granada. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martin was not discouraged and
decided to continue with his plans,
only now he first had to liberate
Chile. For that he spent years
making weapons, bullets and all
kinds of equipment, and organizing
the Army of the Andes. The
crossing was epic, but, as they had
planned, the six columns met less
than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious
defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle
of Maipú (5-04-1818) -
PERU
Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin sailed from Valparaíso with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. It disembarked in Pisco , and forced the realistic army to retreat towards the mountain range.
Martin , and forced the viceroy La Serna to leave the city and enter the mountains, with an army still very numerous. -
New Granada & Venezuela
1817
Bolívar, Piar, Páez and others reactivated the war.
1818Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo.
1819 Acrossed the Andes, in Pantano de Vargas battle, the independence of new Granada was sealed .
Final victory
June 25th, 1821 -
Ecuador
1809 Quito First Call for Independence
1810 Quito's
massacre
1820 Independence of Guayaquil
Oct 9th
Final victory
May 24th, 1822 -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha , which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia. Bomboná, and entered triumphant Quito and, later, he waited for the president of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy to end the war against the royalists. -
SAN MARTIN AND BOLIVAR
In their meetings in Guayaquil , Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru. Surprisingly, San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war completely. He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru , and returned to his home in Mendoza, Argentina . -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. September of that year, he arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Junín . -
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil and later promoted a legal reform by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the «Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve».
SOCIAL STUDIES – 9TH no longer a colony.
Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed. -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
Frustrated in their desire for autonomy and free trade, a group of conservative creoles proclaimed independence in 1821, but only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican independence in 1839. -
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against
Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico
continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and
Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be
administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that
country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
Cuban Revolutionary Cuba. Martí dies in one of the combat actions, but the revolutionary army continues to fight. The USA does not want to lose the possibility of taking over the largest island of the Antilles and, in
1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain. The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered the American occupation. -
CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala with its provinces declared its independence from the Spanish Crown and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain. Provinces of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. This led to a civil war , in which Guatemala could not prevail.
