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3000 BCE
Harp (Classical period, String)
Invented in 3000 B, C., Egypt
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1700 BCE
Tambourine (Renaissance period, Percussion)
Invented in 1700 B. C., Middle Eastern.
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1500 BCE
Trumpet (Romantic period, Brass)
Invented in 1500 B. C., Egypt
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600 BCE
Gong (Classical Period, Percussion)
Invented in 600 B, C., China
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500 BCE
Maracas (20th Century period, Percussion)
Invented in 500 B. C., Central Chile, Pre-colonial Brazil, Puerto Rico, and West Africa.
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300 BCE
Organ (Renaissance period, Woodwind)
Was invented in 300 B. C., Greece
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900
Xylophone(Romantic period, Percussion)
Invented in 900, Southeast Asia.
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1098
Hildegard von Bingen(Medieval/ Renaissance Period)
Born:1098, Böckelheim, West Franconia [Germany]
Died: September 17, 1179, Rupertsberg, near Bingen (aged 81)
Major Influences: Elisabeth of Schonua and several monastic woman
Notable Works: Ordo virtutum, Scivias ("Know the Ways", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum ("Book of Life's Merits" or "Book of the Rewards of Life", composed 1158–1163), and Liber Divinorum Operum ("Book of Divine Works")
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1151
Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues)(Medieval Period)
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1190
Citole (Medieval period, String)
Invented in 1190, Europe.
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1198
Viderunt omnes(Medieval Period)
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1200
Beata Viscera(MedievalPeriod)
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1201
Léonin(Medieval/Renaissance Period)
Born: Paris, France 1135
Died: 1201
Major Influences: Pérotin
Notable Works: Magnus Liber Organi
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1238
Pérotin(Medieval/ Renaissance)
Born: Paris, Fracne 1160
Died: 1238
Major Influences: Steve Reich
Notable Works: Viderunt, Sederunt, Mors
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1250
Gittern (Medieval period, String)
Invented in 1250, Spain Link -
1400
Crumhorn (Renaissance period, Woodwind)
Invented in 1400, Germany
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1400
Masses(Renaissance Style)
Masses are the music setting in either polyphonic or plainchant of the liturgy of the Eucharist. Composers who used the masses are Giovanni da Palestrina, Guillaume Dufay, and John Dunstable. a fact is that the term refers to the Roman Catholic church.
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1400
Gregorian Chant(Medieval/Renaissance Style)
The Gregorian Chant is liturgical music used with the text of the mass. It was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches. Popular composers who used the Gregorian Chant were Perotin, Leonin, and Guido of Arezzo. A fun fact is that the Gregorian Chant was named after St. Gregory 1. Link -
Period: 1400 to
Medieval/Renaissance Period
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1450
Trombone (Romantic period, Brass)
Invented in 1450, Germany
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1450
Josquin des Prez (Renaissance Period)
Born: c. 1450, Condé-sur-l’Escaut?, Burgundian Hainaut [France]
Died: Aug 27, 1521, Condé-sur-l’Escaut
Notable Works: Missa de Beata Virgine and Missa Pange lingua; the motets Benedicta es, Inviolata
Major Influences: Ockeghem and Busnois
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1450
Motet(Renaissance Period)
Motet is a style of vocal composition which is typically a Latin religious choral composition. Popular composers of motet style music are Leonin, Giovanni Gabrieli, and Giovanni da Palestrina. A fact about motets is that they have gone through many transformations over centuries. Link -
1520
Viola (Baroque period, String)
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1555
Violin (Classical Period, String)
Invented in 1555, Italy
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Opera(Baroque Period Style)
An opera is a staged drama set with music. It's made up of vocal pieces with instrumental accompaniment and it usually has orchestral overtures and interludes. Popular composers of the opera music style are Jakub Józef Orliński, Harry Lawrence Freeman, La Julia Rhea, and Grace Bumbry. A fun fact about operas is the music can be continuous through an act or broken up into pieces.
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Concerto(Baroque Period Style)
A concerto is a musical composition for a solo instrument set off against an orchestral ensemble. Popular composers of concerto style music are Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. A fact about the concerto music style is that it essentially converts between a soloist and orchestra.
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Sonata(Baroque Period Style)
A sonata is a type of musical composition that is usually for a single instrument or a small group of instruments and is made up of 2-4 sections. Popular composers of the sonata music style are Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Johann Sebastian Bach. A fun fact about the sonata music style is that the term has had many of meanings that caused confusion of what the term actually means.
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Period: to
Baroque Period
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Bassoon (Baroque period, Woodwind)
Was invented in 1636, France
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John Blow(Baroque Period)
Born: Feb 23, 1649, Collingham, United Kingdom
Died: Oct. 1, 1708, Westminster, London
Major Influences: Henry Purcell
Notable Works: “Amphion Anglicus” “Venus and Adonis”
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Horn (Baroque period, Brass)
Invented in 1650, France.
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Henry Purcell(Baroque Period)
Born: London, England 1659
Died: November 21, 1695, London
Major Influences: Handel, Benjamin Britten
Notable Works: “Abdelazer” ,“Dido and Aeneas” ,"Dioclesian”, “King Arthur"
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Tomaso Albinoni (Baroque Period)
Born: June 8/14, 1671, Venice [Italy]
Died: Jan. 17, 1751, Venice
Notable Works: Sinfonie e Concerti a 5 (Opus 2, 1700), the concerti for strings (Opus 5, 1707), and the concerti for one and two oboes in Opus 7 and Opus 9
Major Influences: Bach
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Venus and Adonis(Baroque Period)
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George Frideric Handel(Baroque Period)
Born: February 23, 1685, Halle, Brandenburg [Germany]
Died: April 14, 1759, London, England (aged 74)
Notable Works: “Acis and Galatea” “Agrippina” “Almira” “Chandos Anthems”
Major Influences: Mozart and Beethoven
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The Cold Song(Baroque Period)
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Oboes (Romantic period, Woodwind instrument group)
Was invented in 1700, France.
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Sarabande(Baroque Period)
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Joseph Haydn (Classical Period)
Born: March 31, 1732, Rohrau, Austria
Died: May 31, 1809, Vienna (aged 77)
Notable Works: “Deutschlandlied” “Emperor Quartet” “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser”
Major Influences: Mozart and of Beethoven
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The Transition From The Baroque Period To The Classical Period
The Baroque Period was known for its grandiose, dramatic, and energetic spirit but also for its stylistic diversity. The music was composed of complexity of instrumental performance, and also established the mixed vocal/instrumental forms of opera, cantata and oratorio. As the Baroque Period ended, the Classical Period took its place. Music from this period was about harmony, balance, and gracefulness. Variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before. -
Symphony(Prominent Classical Period Style)
A symphony is a lengthy form of musical composition for orchestra, and they normally have many large sections. Popular composers of the symphony music style are Ludwig van Beethoven ,Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, and Franz Schubert. A fun fact about the symphony music style is that it has one section that uses another music style.
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Suite(Prominent Classical Period Style)
A suite in music is a group of instrumental movements that are self-contained that vary in character. Popular composers of this music style are, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Arnold Schoenberg. A fun fact about this music style is during the 17th and 18th centuries, the music style only consisted of dance moves.
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Chamber(Prominent Classical Period Style)
Chamber music is made up of small ensembles of people who use instruments. It refers to music that is made to be played at home rather than a stage or theater. Popular music composers who used chamber music are Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Johann Sebastian Bach. A fun fact about chamber music is that since a home may be small in size, there is no more than one player per part of the music.
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Period: to
Classical period
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(Classical Period)
Year Born: January 27th, 1756
Year Died: December 5th, 1791
Birth Place: Salzburg, Austria
Major Influences: Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Schubert, Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky,and Robert Schumann
Notable Works: The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, and Cosi fan tutte
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Ludwig van Beethoven(Classical Period)
Born: December 17, 1770, Bonn, archbishopric of Cologne [Germany]
Died: March 26, 1827, Vienna, Austria
Notable Works: “Archduke Trio” “Battle Symphony” “Choral Fantasy in C Minor”
Major Influences: Johannes Brahms, Hector Berlioz, Felix Mendelssohn, Milan Kundera
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Niccolò Paganini(Romantic Period)
Born: October 27, 1782, Genoa, republic of Genoa [Italy]
Died: May 27, 1840, Nice, France (aged 57)
Notable Works: “La campanella”
Major Influences: Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Boris Blacher, Andrew Lloyd Webber, George Rochberg, and Witold Lutosławski
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Symphony No. 40(Classical Period)
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Fanny Mendelssohn(Romantic Period)
Born: November 14, 1805, Hamburg [Germany]
Died: May 14, 1847, Berlin, Prussia (aged 41)
Notable Works: Easter Sonata, Sehnsucht, and Verlust.
Major Influences: Felix Mendelssohn
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Robert Schumann(Romantic Period)
Born: June 8, 1810, Zwickau, Saxony [Germany]
Died: July 29, 1856, Endenich, near Bonn, Prussia [Germany] (aged 46)
Notable Works: “Frauenliebe und -leben” “Konzertstück, Op. 86” “Kreisleriana”
Major Influences: Brahms
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Timpani (Baroque period, Percussion)
Invented in 1812, Middle Eastern
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Richard Wagner(Romantic Period)
Born: May 22, 1813, Leipzig [Germany]
Died: February 13, 1883, Venice, Italy (aged 69)
Major Influences: Johannes Brahms, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Mann.
Notable Works: Tristan und Isolde, Der fliegende Holländer, Das Rheingold
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Nocturne(Prominent Romantic Period Style)
The nocturne music style is a music composition about or inspired from the night and it's primarily for the piano. Popular composers who used this music style are Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy, Robert Schumann, Paul Hindemith, and Gabriel Fauré. A fun fact about this musical style is that Claude Debussy transferred the style to the orchestra.
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Overture(Prominent Romantic period Style)
The musical style overture is a musical composition and introduction to a larger dramatic work but is also an independent work. Popular composers who used this musical style are Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Johannes Brahms, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, and Felix Mendelssohn. A fun fact about this music style is that it is usually used for an orchestra.
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Program music(Prominent Romantic Period Style)
Program music is instrumental music that has some extra musical meaning. It is compared to what people call abstract music which is artistic. Popular composers of this music style are Ludwig van Beethoven, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Sergey Prokofiev, and Arnold Schoenberg. A fun fact about this music style is that it doesn't represent a style of music but rather a variety of different music works.
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Symphony No. 9(Classical Period)
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La campanella(Romantic Period)
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Easter Sonata(Romantic Period)
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Period: to
Romantic period
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Johannes Brahms(Classical Period)
Born: May 7, 1833, Hamburg [Germany]
Died: April 3, 1897, Vienna, Austria-Hungary [now in Austria] (aged 63)
Notable Works: “A German Requiem” “Academic Festival Overture, Op. 80” “Four Serious Songs”
Major Influences: Arnold Schoenberg
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Tuba (Romantic period, Brass)
Invented in 1835, Germany.
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Tenor Horn(Romantic period, Brass)
Invented in 1840, Germany.
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Piano Concerto(Romantic Period)
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Richard strauss(20th Century Period)
Born: June 11, 1864, Munich, Germany
Died: September 8, 1949, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (aged 85)
Notable Works: “A Hero’s Life” “An Alpine Symphony, Op. 64” “Arabella” “Ariadne auf Naxos”
Major influences: Unknown
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Ralph Vaughan Williams(20th Century Period)
Born: October 12, 1872, Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, England
Died: August 26, 1958, London, England (aged 85)
Notable Works: “The Lark Ascending”
Major Influences: John Adams
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Symphony No. 1(Classical Period)
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Igor Stravinsky(20th Century Period)
Born: June 5 [June 17, New Style], 1882, Oranienbaum [now Lomonosov]
Died: April 6, 1971, New York, New York, U.S. (aged 88)
Notable Works: Notable Works: string quartet “Oedipus Rex” “Persephone” “Requiem Canticles”
Major Influences: Steve Reich, Julian Barnes, Jerry Goldsmith
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The Transition between The Romantic Period and The 20th Century Period
The Romantic period was all about trying to express and emphasize how you felt. Music in this period had a lot of expansive symphonies, virtuosic piano music, dramatic operas, and passionate songs. As the Romantic Period ended, the 20th Century Period took its place. 20th Century music was aimed to make people move and dance to music and it also explored new forms and sounds. Most of the songs this time were focused on different forms of Jazz, like Swing Jazz, Bebop, cool Jazz, and free Jazz. -
Jazz(Prominent 20th Century Style)
Jazz is a musical form that is improvisational and is influenced by European harmonic structure and African rhythms. Popular composers of this music style are Astrud Gilberto, Roberta Flack, George Gershwin, Benny Goodman, and Duke Ellington. A fun fact about this music style is that it was developed from ragtime and blues.
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Punk Rock(Prominent 20th Century Style)
Punk Rock is an aggressive form of rock music and is full of energy from being sarcastic, hostile, and for its aesthetic. Popular composers of this music style are Neil Young, Elvis Costello, Billy Bragg, Kurt Cobain, and David Byrne. A fun fact about this music style is that the word punk was borrowed from prison slang.
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Bluegrass Music(Prominent 20th Century Style)
Bluegrass music is country and western style music. It is more distinguished meaning it has a more syncopated rhythm. Popular composers of this music style are Ricky Skaggs, Tom T. Hall, Béla Fleck, Bill Monroe, and Ralph Stanley. A fun fact about this music style is that it came from the United States after World War 2.
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Period: to
20th Century Music period
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L'Histoire du soldat(20th Century Period)
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Leonard Bernstein(20th Century)
Born: August 25, 1918, Lawrence, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died: October 14, 1990, New York, New York (aged 72)
Notable Works: “Chichester Psalms” “On the Town” “On the Town”
Major Influences: Tania León
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Symphony No. 5(20th Century Period)
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America(20th Century period)
