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Nov 22, 1500
First Occupants
Apparently they had no official leadership. But we know this is not true. Natives didn’t have any government.
Iroquois
-Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women.
Algonkians
-Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role. -
Power relations between Amerindians and the colonial administrators (French Regime)
It was a brutal hard life, there was no sympathy. At the time, people had the option kill or be killed. Iroquois had a huge advantage to be allied with because you always knew where they were, permanent settlement. -
Power relations between the Church and the State (French Regime)
The Clergy was everywhere. Churches were cruel.
-Priests in charge of parishes (cure)
-Priests working as missionaries (converting Natives)
-Nuns working in hospitals
The clergy were in charge of education and health. They taught kids mainly religion. -
Life in New France (Part 2)
-By 1760 New France's population grew to become a distinct set of people called "Canadien" (13 colonies are becoming Americans). The population consisted of a mix between the French and Native culture.
-It's no shock that these distinct people would remain here after the British Conquest. So they stayed in New France, they didn't have much ties back to France. -
Life in New France (Part 1)
There was official rules, but there was no police. A lot of “crime” could have happened and no consequences.
-Settlers (habitants) had happy lives but it was work. There was work to be done everyday; Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. It was a good life.
-Because New France was not really developing settlers took well care of themselves.
-Life differed from France, where you had the very rich, good, and massive numbers of poor/starving people, bad. -
Roles in the Royal Government (Part 1)
-The King (most superior) and the Minister of Marine (middle man for the King): would remain in France as the Sovereign Council, the exucutive committee, ran New France directly.
-Governor: highest rank, commander of army, defense, dealt with external affairs. Had veto power in New France, he made all the decisions on ground. He didn't walk around using his veto power. He was in charge of the army, in charge of the defence of New France. He dealt with the British. -
Royal Government Roles (Part 2)
-Intendant: most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, set up industries. Doesn’t have the most power, he influences your daily life. Decides where the money gets spent. He’s like the business officer of New France.
-Bishop: administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities.If you don’t go to church he can "shun" you.
-Captain of Militia: dealt with issues on seiagneuries. General of the Militia army. -
Royal Government
Under the old system, the companies who held a monopoly were close to ruining New France. The King, who was Louis XIV, ended the monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who at the time was Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He and Louis decided to implement Royal Government in 1663. King is more hands on, as much as possible. Royal Government is the first form of government. The people who directly ran New France were: Bishop, Gouverneur and Intendent. -
Absolute monarchy
-The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. King hand picked the intendant, bishop, captain of the Militia, and governor.
-New France ran independently, the King was too far to take control. -
Peace Treaty
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. The French, allied to the Hurons and the Algonquians, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Also well known as "Grand Settlement of 1701." -
Alliances and Strategies
-Strategic military alliances in order to protect their economic interests in the fur trade.
-Iroquois (and Hurons) were primary group to trade with the French. French lost during the war against the Iroquois for control over the for the trade. French fought against Iroquois take over until about 1703
- Iroquois allied with the British and fought against the French (and Hurons) for control over the fur trade. This war almost wiped out the entire Hurons population. -
Difficulties of the first Governors
-James Murray found the Royal Proclamation flawed
-Bent the rules.
-Allowed bishop back.
-Allowed French laws in the lower courts Civil French laws.
-Did not call an elected assembly.
-The English hated James Murray, because he was helping the French. The English got James Murray fired because they were unhappy.
-Carleton, new governor, begins to realize that James Murray is right.
-Does the same thing. He’s scared that the French will join the Americans. He sided with French. -
Articles of Capitulations (Part 2)
It stated:
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
-The French Regular military would leave their weapons and leave.
-The people could practice their religion, but the Bishop would have to leave. Bishop could rattle up the Militia, so he had to leave. They didn’t outlaw the Christian religion or else it could rattle up for that as well.
-The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Articles of Capitulations (Part 3)
No mass deportation occurred, the fate of the colony was still undecided and so the colony waited under British Military Rule of James Murray, until the war in Europe would end. Only people that left New France were the rich French because they could've afforded it and,they were the only people who still had contacts in France so they could've made a living there. Most people that stayed just didn’t know any better, there were no ties. -
Articles of Capitulations (Part 1)
The French won a small battle at Sainte-Foy, in the spring a major conflict ended in New France with the fall of Quebec, the French troops waited out the winter in Montreal, and then in September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. Which means that whoever won has the rules for now, and they won’t finalize anything yet, the rules after the Planes of Abraham. -
Treaty of Paris
This treaty ends the 7 year war. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon) Britain and France start to settle things. St. Pierre and Miquelon are French territories, they use French passports, they're fishing islands now. King puts a constitution so he can control the people. British wanted to assimilate the French. -
Royal Proclamation (Part 1)
1."The Province of Quebec" is the new name for New France
2. Shrink the borders where the St Lawrence river is, so the French can stay in specific places
3. Put in place a civilian Government to run the new. Took out Royal government
4. Took out the French laws and put the English laws.
5. Unused land would be divided by the Township System, instead of Seigneurial.
6. No new Bishop would be allowed No leader for religion
7. No Roman Catholics could hold public office (Test Act) -
Royal Proclamation (Part 2)
-Goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec, they took many of the French rights away, so it forced them to become more English, shrinking the French territories so they English would get a hold of them.
-Outlawed the new French immigrants. Only bring in English speaking immigrants.
-First person were merchants so they can make money fast. Took the place of the French merchants who left to go back to France.
-The first Governor, James Murray, knew assimilation wouldn't be easy. -
Quebec Act
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec Territories get expanded
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back. Church tax and land division is back.
-Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance
Americans were upset because they wanted to expand the Western, but they didn’t let the American’s expand west.
American War of Independence: Americans win or British just get tired and leave -
The Constitutional Act
The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (because it was up river) and Lower Canada (it was down river) Population was different. Didn’t want a war, so this was the compromise.
-Lower Canada-was almost entirely French (160 000ppl)
-Upper Canada-was entirely English (20,000ppl)
-The Ottawa River would be the boundary between them.
In Lower Canada the French kept their rights
In Upper Canada the Protestants/English rights -
The Rebellion
The Rebellions happened because of the faults in the Constitutional Act. Upper Canada had a bigger population than Lower Canada, because most of them spoke English. If you came to Quebec and settled as an English and were catholic they would usually go to Lower Canada. Lower Canada is getting mad because their rights are getting noticed and their losing power. Language was an issue, both Canada's didn't have any power, but the Constitutional Act made it seem like they did. -
Leader of the Patriots
Papineau, leader of patriots, promised to get the 92 Resolutions, so he sends them off to England. Around 3 years later for his response and was rejected. Papineau, in the end, runs away and hides in the states so he doesn't get killed. Lord John Russell responded with the 10 Resolutions. Papineau was mad because the 10 resolutions that were accepted, and the French were mad because it’s not equal. -
Lord Durham’s Recommendations
They sent Lord Durham to be an investigator to make sure the rebellion never happen again.
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The British should that just put the two Canadas together, because now the English will now always win because there's a much higher English population, so there was no need for the “fake” government.
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power.
These ideas were first rejected by the British Parliament. -
Act of Union
-Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West. Upper and Lower Canada don’t exist, now it’s Canada East and Canada West, but now they’re considered two provinces.
-Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly
-Governor still had control and veto power
-Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts. Share in their bills. Canada West had bigger debts than Canada East, and they were mad because Canada East had to pay their bills though. -
Structure of Responsible Government
-The people would now elect the Leg. Assembly (Parliament) 42, voted in. Made the laws. This is the general assembly.
-The Prime minister would He’s the person who has the most elected members form the Cabinet who would propose laws that had to be approved through the assembly. Cabinet would be made up of the people who were voted in.
The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so(rich eng. merchants). The governor is picked. -
Politics in the 1860’s
-The political system had become responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government. Responsible government, couldn’t agree on who’s in charge. Provinces are running independently on each other, they agree that they should have some type of merger.
-The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things. -
The Charlottetown Conference
-Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger.
They discussed if they wanted to form a country or not. Newfoundland didn’t come because they didn’t care. They got together to vote yes, to take the next step. These types of meetings would’ve taken weeks to travel because the transportation was a lot harder. -
The Quebec Conference
-Same members of last time (+Nfld). Meant to hammer out the details
-A federal system
-24 seats to each colony
-Assembly elected by representation of population.
-Build a railway between colonies
-PEI didn’t want to pay for a railway that they wouldn’t use, because they have such a small population.
-They didn’t want to be with the federal government because the British were already against them.
-The assembly of the Canada’s passed confederation -
The London Conference
-London voted yes for the countries to link up and make a country. In 1867, were not called Canada, were called “The Dominion of Canada.”
-The other Prov’s would join between 1870 and 1949.
-Being a Federal Gov’t the Federal Gov’t had certain responsibilities as did the Prov’s.
-These are listed in Sections 91-92. -
Power relations between union movements and the state
Nothing to protect the workings right in the factories. The first union started around 1872. A lot of problems in the early goings. In the first phase of industrialisation started the first union although it wasn't strong. They wanted a fair salary, make things fair and healthy and clean, can’t pay a women less than a man. Certain age to work. Padlock: the right to strike. 1996: law for equal pay from men and women. -
Power relations between feminist movements and the state
-Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes (women movement).
-1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
-1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women. Step up the rights for women. 100% equal.
-1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec
-1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
WWI and WW II - Conscription
WWI ran out of soldiers, and conscription was thrown at the country. Quebec were opposed to this, because the French didn’t think it was their country. Canada was forced in anyway. There was many French soldiers, but a lot of them didn’t want to go in. In WW2, they were running out of soldiers again, so the government forced conscription again. Another riot again with the French with the conscription. The difference between WWI and WWII that is in WWII didn’t see the battle field. -
Maurice Duplessis
He liked the church being in charge of the education and values. He wanted that to continue, and he supported them. Made agriculture Quebec’s number economy. He brought electricity and paved roads to the countryside. Other countries were advancing and modernizing, while Quebec was staying in the church life and the rural life. He was okay with the Americans coming up and investing in Canada. He thought they’ll get the money from the Americans by taxing them. He was a separatist. -
Power relations between financial circles and the state
-Involvement of businessmen in politics facilitates access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks.
-The practice of funding of political parties by businessmen causes scandals and a denunciation of patronage. Big business funds political parties. Business funds a political party for benefits in the future.
-Quebec companies and recognizes the rights of employees In the 60s, they’re getting more laws that favor the employee. -
October Crisis
FLQ is an extremist group, a terrorist group, with random attacks. They kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte, and one of them was found dead in the car. He calls the war measures act out, Minister Trudeau is in charge and. When it’s the war measures act, all the provincial rules can be changed for now, they can arrest you, and they won’t need an excuse to arrest you. They arrest anyone who they think is involved. People just needed to sit in jail and wait until they sort things out. -
Power relations between the media and the state
-In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda).
-In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influences on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties.
-The media is for many the 4th power.
