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Sep 1, 1500
Ice bridge- Indian arrival
-Organization and Settlement of the territory.
-"Free" occupation of territory.. no private land ownership.
-The space was occupied by different groups (nomadic Algonquin Hunters vs sedentary Iroquois farmers).
-The oldest traces of North Amerindian occupation some 30 000
years BC.
- The impact of natural and migratory movements on the formation of the population. -
Period: Sep 1, 1500 to
Population
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Sep 1, 1534
Jacques Cartier- First voyage
-Explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, said what he thought was gold but found lots of fish, timber, and furs. (not gold). -
Sep 1, 1535
Jacques Cartier- Second voyage
-Jacques sailed up to the St-Lawrence river, where he reached Stadacona (Quebec).
-Some friendly natives showed the Europeans how to survive the cold winters and how to prevent getting scurvy.
-Returns with native captives (including Chief Donacona). -
Sep 1, 1541
Jacques Cartier- Third voyage
-Tried to set up a colony, which did not work.
-The missionaries attempted to convert all natives.
-France lost interest for 60yrs.
-However 60yrs later, the King of France wanted to set up a New World colony again. -
Attempted Settlement- Port Royal
- Samuel de Champlain was involved
- Located in Nova Scotia, but failed because of its location and position.
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New France- First permanent settlement
-Samuel Champlain returned to establish trading post near Quebec.
- Then became New France. -
Seigneurial Regime
-The land was divided in order to cultivate the colony, called the seigneurial system.
-The king was in charge of giving away parts of the land to the rich french men, who were called Seigneurs of Lords.
-These men would have to work and develop the land, and would have to receive rent from the low class peasants (Censitaires), who lived on their land.
- Life as a farmer living in New France was a much better life for some people.
- The more people came, the more forest dissapeared. -
Increase of the urban population
The impact of urbanization on the occupation of territory:
-Rural exodus is when there are no more jobs in the country, therefore a group of people leave to live in the city, to work in factories. (Work development).
-Development of working class neighbourhoods. (People live walking distance to their work).
Reversal of urban and rural populations..
Urban sprawl: the spreading of urban developments (malls, land, houses). -
Louis the 14th- New king
-Became the new king, and didn't like the arrangement and system in France.
-He hires Jean Talon, and intendant to be the boss of New France.
-Jean Talon's job is to build the population, and to invite everyone to come live on the land.
- People had 2 options.
1. To get on a boat, and go live in New France.
2. Be sent to jail. -
Jean Talon- Population of New France
-He wanted anybody to immigrate to New france, except for the french protestants.
-Soldiers were offered free land, if they agreed to live in New France after they served their service.
-Minor criminals were as well offered to live in New France.
-Filles du Roi "Orphan girls" immigrated to New France, where they were quickly married off.
-Couples who got married young were payed, where as fathers of unmarried girls and bachelors over 21 years old paid fines.
-Population did increase rapidly. -
British Regime- Waves of immigration
-When the British took control, only the wealthy French left New France. The population was 99% French and 1% English.
-In 1763, the welathy british business men were the first to immigrate.
-From 1791, granting of land to shipping and railroad companies, as well immigartion of agents coming to the aid of immigrants were measures to encourage immigration.
-1812, laws that discouraged immigartion in Upper Canada.
-1840, propaganda to encourage immigration. -
Populaton of New France 1730
-In 1760, 70,000 people lived in New France. -
Immigration of loyalists and Americans
-Impact on the population and settlement of the territory, during the Loyalists and Americans arrival.
-Loyalists who came to Quebec, settled in West of Montreal. Those who came to Canada, settled in the Maritimes.
-The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 1-10%. They followed the township system and gave all their settlements english names. -
The Imperial Act
-Assured immigrants that their slaves would remain their property in British regions of Canada. -
Colonization of new regions
The goal of oppening up new regions and territories was...
-To promote emigration towards the United States.
-To expand and have occupation of territory: opening up of outlying regions (Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie, The Laurentians).
-Creation of these new communities. -
Waves of Irish immigration
-After 1815, waves of Irish immigration due to the Irish Potato Famine, Scottish and English also but mostly in cities.
-Conditions during the passage were difficult and disease spread
-Cholera epidemic (quarantine station at Grosse-Ile). -
Slow down of birth rate in Quebec
-It was due to the exodus of french candian to Canada West and to the United States.
-They left because of agricultural crisis. Harvests were damaged by disease or bad weather.
- Also not a lot of land available for cultivation, because of the increase of population. -
Emmigration to the United States and West
Due to the emmigration there was overpopulation of the seigneuries which lead to:
-Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada.
-Emigration to the United States from about 1840 was high since there were more opportunities in the USA. (Better payed jobs) -
Contemporary period
Different Policies to promote immigration:
-Sharing federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration matters under the BNA.
-In 1878, The National Policy did Immigrant recruitment, where they handed over land to rail comanies to settle in the west.
-Waves of immigration following international events (economic crises, wars….)
-Discriminatory immigration policies until the end of the Second World War. -
Relationships with Amerindians
-Federal government addopted the Indian Act, which means the reserves remained property of the government.
-Amerindian territories in northern Quebec were initially free from European occupation under the regimes. This situation changed after World War 2.
-The Natives were upset that the provincial government took initiative to launch important projects (ex: exploit mines and water) without consulting them.
-Therefore, the governement of Quebec negotiated agreements with Native people. -
The impact of emigration to U.S on the population
-Lack of employment in the agricultural sector, which leads to people moving to the city, hating the city and therefore moving towards west or the USA.
-Industrialization
-Brain drain: when the most educated and skilled workers leave to seek better opportunities. (Countries like Canada are taking away the smartest people from the poor countries. Ex: scientists, doctors, engineers) -
Oka Crisis
-Relations with the Native people lead to this crisis.
-In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal.
-A golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land.
-The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
-The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when it finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained.
