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Period: to
30 Years' War
This war began in Bohemia or the Czech Republic and was a series of battles fought between the Catholics and the Protestants. -
Ferdinand II is Holy emperor of the Roman Empire
He tried to enforce Reformation with the support of Spain, Poland, and other states. He defeated the Bohemians who rebelled against him. -
War continues between the Spanish and Dutch
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Emperor Ferdinand issues Edict of Restitution
The Edict of Restitution was an attempt to restore the religious and territorial settlement after the Peace of Augsburg. -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invades Germany.
Adolphus then dies while in battle. -
Louis XIII dies
Louis XIII dies, and the Hapsburg princess, Anne of Austria becomes regent, but France's anti-Hapsburg polivy remains unchanged. -
Terrible Loss of Life
The Catholic France joined Lutheran Sweden against the Cathloic Hapsburgs. The fighting led to destruction of crops, villages, and depopulation. As much as one third of the people in the German states died as a result. -
Peace of Westphalia
The exasusted armies accepted a series of treaties named Peace of Westphalia. The treaty brought general in Europe and helped settle international problems. -
Hohenzollern Prussia
Prussia emerged as a new Protestant power. Hohenzollern rulers set up an efficient central bureaucracy. -
The Rivalry of Great Grows
Although many nations formed various alliances, Prussia battled Austria for control of the German states. Also, Britain and France competed to develop their overseas empire. This conflict became the Seven Year's War.
