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3100 BCE
Early Civilizations
Man needed some way of preserving his cultural heritage, inventing the writing. Appeared the school, with a group of adults, "Teachers." The method of learning was memorization, and the motivation was the fear of physical discipline. Jews establish elementary schools, boys from 6-13 years of age learned math, reading and writing. At age of 13, boys could continue their studies as disciples of a rabbi. -
801 BCE
Ancient Greece
Greeks' goal about education was to prepare the child for adult activities as a citizen. The goal of education in Sparta was to produce soldier-citizens, boys and girls but just boys were obligated to leave home at 7 years old, at 18 both learned the arts of war. And Athens' education was to produce citizens trained in the arts of both peace and war, boys at age of 6-7 attended elementary school but part of their training was gymnastic, they also learned Literature. -
756 BCE
Ancient Rome
Rome conquered Greece. Education took place at home. Parents sent children (boys/ girls) to the Elementary School at age of 6-7, where they studied reading, writing,and counting. at age 13 they studied grammar and literature. The goal of Roman education was to produce a good citizen, "Effective speaker." Latin continued to be the language spoken in commerce, education, etc. -
801
The Middle Ages
It was influenced by the church. Students learned mathematics, calculating religious festivals, and practiced singing as a church services. At age of 7 years old, became an integral part of the adult world. Like the Romans scholars took over the content of Greek education. Education of woman was no longer ignore. it had a rise of universities, teaching grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. -
1301
The Renaissance
Began in Italy and spread to northern European. education had to develop man's intellectual, spiritual, and physical powers for the enrichment of life. To the seven liberal arts, the humanists added history, physical games, and exercises. School served children from age six. -
1500
The Reformation
The religious conflicts that dominated men's thoughts also dominated the humanistic, curriculum of protestants secondary schools. Protestant emphasized the need for universal education and established elementary schools in Germany where the children of the poor could learn reading, writing, and religion. -
Colonial America
While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, Southern,
and Middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had
been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal
schooling at all. -
United States
The academic that Benjamin Franklin helped found was the first of a growing number of secondary schools. Franklin' academic continued to offer the humanist- religious curriculum, teaching history, geography, merchant accounts, geometry, algebra, surveying, modern languages, navigation and astronomy, too. It characterized virtually all American secondary education. -
Europe
Education to shape the future of nations as well as individuals. The attitude toward women, was slowly changing.Elementary schools were attended by children of the lower classes until age of 10-11. The usual subject were reading, writing, religion, and arithmetic. The teacher was often poorly informed. Pestalozzi, " Education should be the natural development of the child, and the teacher's job was to guide." Herbart,"Create individual who were part of the sociopolitical community. -
Century United States
America came into its own educationally, free schools for all children, which began with elementary school. Later, the original purpose of high school was to allow all children to extend and enrich their common-education. The high school also became a preparation for collage. "Female academics" established by Emma Willard and Catherine Beecher. People still believed that the mind could be "Trained" but they now thought that science could do a better job. -
Europe Montessori
One of the first to become interested in educating the mentally retarded, who were then called "idiot
children," was the Italian physician Maria Montessori (1870-1952). The techniques and materials she devised for educating mentally retarded children were so effective that many learned to read
and write almost as well as normal children. Montessori was put in charge of the Case dei Bambini (Children's Houses),
schools for 3- to 7-year-olds established in newly built tenement buildings in Rome. -
The new methods
Combined with the physical organization of the school, represented the antithesis of Pestalozzi's belief that the child's innate powers should be allowed to unfold naturally. The methods of presenting information had thus been streamlined.The curriculum had been enlarged and brought closer to the concerns of everyday life. Book
learning had been supplemented somewhat by direct observation.
