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Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537
The Plessy decision asserted that racial discrimination and segregation were legal and should be encouraged. Followed the motto "Separate but Equal." Practice proved that facilities available to minorities were anything but equal and discrimination continued. -
Brown v Board of Education I
"Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law... We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Children could be legally excluded from school if they had not obtained the mental age equivalent of 5 years or were found not to "profit" from public school. The Pennsylvania Association for Retard Citizens (PARC) filed a lawsuit in federal district court on behalf of all children with mental retardation in the Senate Pennsylvania, ages 6 to 21. It was seen unconstitutional for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to deny, delay, or discontinue any exceptional child’s right to an education. -
Peter Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia
Seven children with disabilities sued school district for not giving them access to a free public education. Court ruled that all students with diabilites need to be provided with a free public education. Lead to many laws that increased the rights for people with diabilities. -
Keyes v School District No. 1
- first segregation case in the north
- established de jure v de facto segregation
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Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974)
Established that students whose first language wasn't English were entitled to special assistance. Established that language and ethnicity were connected to a degree so that discriminating against a person's language was discrimination against their race. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
The decision upheld affirmative action and colleges were allowed to consider race as a factor in admissions. However they were barred from setting hard quotas and reserving positions for minorities. -
Plyler v. Doe
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Freeman v Pitts, 503 U.S. 467
The School Board in Dekalb, Georgia claimed unitary status before completely becoming a desegregated school district. The Supreme Court ruled in the school boards favor and assured them the right to declare unitary status if they were mostly segregated. -
Paynter v. State of New York Supreme Court, Monroe County, Index No. 10280/98, App. Div, 4th Dept., Docket No. CA 01-00567
Plaintiffs representing majorities in urban Rochester argued that because many students were surrounded by poverty they lacked the opportunity to succeed in school. They argued that the isolation of the poor was discrimination and took issues with districting and busing policies in the city. The case was dismissed -
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003)
Allowed universities to use race as a "Plus Factor" for the sake of admitting minority students. -
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007),
In competition for spots in public schools when a school ran out of spots the admissions department would look over the applicants and gaurantee racial diversity in the new student body. The organization Parents Involved claimed this was discriminatory. The Supreme Court held that diversification was essential the educational process but struck down the methods used by the schools. -
Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 570 U.S 11-345
The Court held that colleges had the right to consider race in the admissions process but were not allowed to employ Quotas or seal off positions to non-minority candidates.
