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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
The first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
He led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought disaster upon his country by leading it into the Thirty Years’ War. -
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Philip IV of Spain
King of Spain and Portugal during their decline as great world powers and he is remembered for his failed struggle to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War. -
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Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII
The King of France from 1610 to 1643. Under his reign, France became a leading European power. -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
He laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power. -
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Ferdinand of Styria as King of Bohemia
A belligerent and ruthless monarch elected as an heir to the Hapsburgs but was briefly deposed in 1619-20 by the Bohemian Protestants -
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The Bohemian Period
The Bohemian Diet elected Ferdinand II and Calvinists were alarmed and revolted. However, with the help of Maximilian I of Bavaria, Ferdinand II regained the throne and the period ended with a Hapsburg and Catholic victory. -
Defenestration of Prague
Two Catholic Imperial officials and their secretary are thrown out of the Prague Castle's window by the Bohemian Protestant nobles who are insisting on religious freedom granted to them by the Letter of Majesty. -
Battle of White Mountain
This was a battle fought near Prague in Bohemia. The battle marked the first major victory of the Roman Catholic Habsburgs over the Protestant Union. Constitutional rule ended and an authoritarian government was established in Bohemia and neighboring countries. -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
Called "the Great", he was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. -
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The Danish Period
Began after Bohemia was defeated. Protestants began to realize the danger they were facing and the King Christian IV of Denmark tried to help them. However, he signed the Treaty of Lubeck which thus ended the Danish Period. -
Treaty of Lubeck
A treaty that effectively ended Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. It was signed by Albrecht von Wallenstein, Christian IV of Denmark, and Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor -
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The Swedish Period
Gustavus Adolphus entered the war. He had two reasons for entering this war; He believed int the Protestant Cause, and feared Emperor Ferdinand would become too powerful. This was the first time a political issue entered the war. Adolphus died in 1632 and his army slowly dissipated. -
Battle of Lutzen
A battle fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. -
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The French Period
The war lost its religious character and has come to be political. Cardinal Richelieu, the real ruler of France, wanted to block the growth of Hapsburg power by interfering on the Protestant side. In 1635, Richelieu marched the French army into Germany and joined with the Swedish army. They won a series of victories, that gave new hope to the Protestants in Germany. -
The Treaty of Prague
The treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War and weakened the German princes. It was lenient toward the Austrian Empire. -
The Peace of Westphalia
A series of treaties which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
A peace treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War