-
Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was a temporary solution to the religion diversity in Germany. It allowed princes to choose whether their country is Lutheran or Catholic, Calvinism and other religions were not recognised. Protestant priest shoudl forfeit their offices and incomes.
Source -
Period: to
Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu
Armand-Jean du Plessis was a foreign secretary of the French government. He rosi to his position in 1616 and in 1621 he became french cardinal. In 1624 Armand-Jean du Plessis became King Louis XIII's chief minister. He remained in office untill his death.
Source -
Period: to
King Christian IV of Denmark
King Christian IV was son and successor of Frederick II. He improved Denmark in many aspects and controled Sweden. Forced by England and France to go in war with Germany to save Protestantism, but defeatet by Tilly at Lutter, however managed to sign a peace treaty without terrirory losts.
Source -
Period: to
Gustav II Adolf of Sweden
Gustav was the king of Sweedcen who entered and nearly won the Thirty Year War. His early battles ruined the Swedish economy and made him to tale last minute loans from Denmark. Even with ruined economy Gustav succeeded in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in it.
Source -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
Maximilian got a strick Jesuit education and supported the Catholic Church and the Emperor. During the Bohemian revolt he helped Ferdinand with army to recover his duty as King of Bohemia. During the Thirty Years Wars he conquered Upper Palatinate and did not broke his alliance with the papacy.
Source -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
"Philip IV of Spain was the king of Spain during the decline of Spain as a great world power in the 1600s. He is remembered for his failed struggle to revive Spain's prominence during the Thirty Years War."
Source -
Period: to
Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Ferdinand was declared first in 1617 as King of Bohemia because he was the heir of the childless Emperor Matthias. During the Bohemian Revolt he was deposed and replaced by Frederick V. After the revolt and the death of Matthias, Ferdinand became both King of Bohemia and Emperor from which he made a great use later in the Thirty Years War.
Source -
Defenestration of Prague
The Defenestration of Prague was an incident of Bohemian resistance before the Thirty Years War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials closed Protestant churches and three people were thrown out of a window because of their faith. This event marked the start of the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years War.
Source -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
Bohemian nobles publicly stated that they defy the Holy Roman Emperor, they collected small armies and fired a revolt. As a result, they deposed Ferdinand who was the heir of the Emperor and King of Bohemia. The imperial forces managed to fight off the revolt, the Emperor died and Ferdinand succeeded him.
Source -
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain was a battle fought near Prague in Bohemia. It marked the fist major victory of the Roman Catholic Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union. That helped the Habsburgs to create a goverment in Bohemia that survived up to the World War I.
Source -
Period: to
The Danish Period
The King of Denmark, Christian, is cut his supplies from both his allies, France and England. He manages to raise 34000 strong men to join the German wars, but he lacked resources to keep them long. His army is destroyed near Lutter and followed with small successes and more failures he signs the Peace of Lübeck which saves his country, but he should give up all claim to bishoprics in Germany.
Source -
Treaty of Lubeck
The Treaty of Lubeck was a peace treaty between the King of Denmark, Chirstian IV, and the Holy Roman Emperor. It finished Denmark as an European power. This treaty seemed to secure the hegemony in Germnay for the Habsburgs and in this way stabilized Germany in the Thirty Years War.
Source -
Period: to
The Swedish Period
Source
In July, he crossed the Baltic with 13,000 men, mostly native Swedes with a complement of Scottish and Irish mercenaries, but a puny force with which to take on the 100,000 soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire. Gustavus, as the self-styled ‘Protector of Protestantism,’ expected to fill his ranks with grateful Germans. -
The Battle of Lützen
The battle of Lützen was a battle between the Swedish Empire and the Roman Empire. It was in 1632 outside Lutzen and it is the battle when the Swedish emperor lost his life. Bernand took the command role and captured the entire imperial artilery, this was the move which won the battle.
Source -
The Treaty of Prague
The treaty of Prague was a piece treaty which was signed by the Holy Roman Emeror and the Electorate of Saxony.
" The peace treaty included:
-The Edict of Restitution was ended, and the Peace of Augsburg from 1555 was reestablished. Ferdinand II continued to push the Counter- Reformation.
... "
Source -
Period: to
The French Period
Source
In April 1635, Sweden and France signed the Treaty of Compiegne.
In the early months on 1635, France have vacillated over a wholesale military involvement in Europe. In February 1635, France had provided the Dutch with 20,000 men to deploy as the Dutch saw fit. In March 1635, France had once again cut off the Valtelline. -
Peace of Westphalia
The piece treaty marked the end of the Thirty Year War. It was signed between the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire and the Dutch Republic. It ended in favour of the Swedish Empire, the Kingdom of France and their allies.
Source -
Peace of the Pyrenees
The treaty of Pyrenes was a piece treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain which ended the war between France and Spain. The treaty was in favour of France which won teritories and the piece was strengthened by a marriage between the french king Louis XIV and the Spanish infanta Maria Teresa de Austria. Source
