Topic 10-11

The beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate.

750

The Abbasid Caliphate's rule was a time of peace and prosperity. There were advancements made in numerous areas such as science, mathematics, and medicine. The culture flourished as Arabic art and architecture reached new heights. Their government was based on Hereditary monarchy: a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member to another. This allowed a family to keep their bloodlines in rule through the popes and kings; gaining power through the years.

Charlemagne crowned by Pope Leo III.

800

In 800 Ce, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans in acknowledgment of his power. This event solidified the relationship between the church and the state. Ultimately joining the kings and popes, who would make decisions to benefit each other. This gave both the kings and popes an upper hand when it came to their daily business because they were respected by the two groups.

First Crusade launched by Pope Urban II.

1075

The First Crusade was the start of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The initial objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The Crusader states enabled cities to extend their trade. They are also known to contribute to the changing lifestyles and commercial growth in Europe. The Crusades allowed the church and the popes to change different aspects that would benefit their lives.

Windmills were first used.

1185

Windmills allowed the citizens to cook, bathe, drink, water crops and animals, and more. The windmills provided medieval society with a reliable source of energy. Overall, the windmills allowed the cities to prosper and become more efficient in creating their products. This then helps the popes and kings grown in power as their empire became successful in the trading system. In general, as the towns grew in power, the popes and kings grew in power.

The first known merchant guild.

1193

A merchant guild was a form of organization of merchants. Membership in a guild was virtually compulsory for a trader to have the formal status of merchant. These guilds provided a way for kings and popes to keep track and install an organized system. It was known for those who break the specific rules could be punished in numerous ways. Overall having the different guilds allowed kings and popes to stay organized and control a vast amount of citizens.

Founding of the Franciscan Order.

1209

The Franciscan order was made up of members of the Roman Catholic. The order is one of the four great mendicant orders of the church, and its members strive to cultivate the ideals of poverty and charity. This was another group that provided the popes a chance to gain their peoples trust. Those who diversified their beliefs and joined groups were often found to be more accepted by others.

First regulated Catalan Courts.

1283

The Catalan Courts were the policymaking and parliamentary body of the Principality of Catalonia. The Courts functioned as an advisory body to which the king granted privileges and exemptions; their decisions had the force of law, in the sense that the king could not unilaterally revoke them. This provided the kings with another way to use their power on the citizens and the church members.

Start of the Hundred Years' War.

1337

The Hundred Years' War was caused by the dissatisfaction of the king of England and the nonfulfillment by the king of France. This disagreement would continue on for many years and would lead to severance between the two kingdoms. The end of the relationship would be the start of the use of the English language for England. In the end, both countries' governments were altered and many citizens realized the corruption from within; although it was ignored.

The Great Schism Begins.

1378

The Great Schism was a split within the Catholic Church that was caused by two men who claimed to be the rue people and each excommunicated the other. The Schism split the church into carious fractions offering the opportunity for more popes to regain power. This split also allowed more diversity to occur within the church as the ideas and opinions were different.

Capture of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks.

1453

When the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, it ultimately led to the fall of the Byzantium Empire. This then allowed the Ottomans to impact European politics. The Ottoman Turks implemented their tradition and culture that would alter Europe. This new diversity of culture would stick around in numerous empires. Kings and Popes were impacted by this event because the Ottomans set up a formal government. This changed the way power was distributed and the amount of power a position could hold.