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14th Amendment
provided for equal protection under the law for people of all races -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
After the American Civil War (1861–65), southern plantation owners were challenged to find help working the lands that slaves had farmed. Taking advantage of the former slaves' desire to own their own farms, plantation owners used arrangements called sharecropping and tenant farming. -
13th Amendment
ended slavery in the United States -
15th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -
Lynching
From 1882-1968, 4,743 lynchings occurred in the United States. Of these people that were lynched 3,446 were black. The blacks lynched accounted for 72.7% of the people lynched. -
Plessy v ferguson
This case had no part with the consideration of brewer. Plessy v Ferguson was the landmark law of the U.S supreme court. It kept state racial segregation laws. -
CORE
a civil rights organization founded in 1942 that played a central role in the civil rights movement -
Jim Crows Laws
discriminatory laws that divided society into 'whites' and 'blacks' -
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court decision in 1954 that ended segregated schools and public areas -
Thurgood Marshall
lawyer for the NAACP who won the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954, went on to become the first African-American Supreme Court Justice -
Desegregation
the ending of a policy of racial segregation. -
Rosa Parks-
began the Montgomery bus protest in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
African Americans refused to ride the city buses. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Louis Till was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family's grocery store. -
Civil Disobedience
the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. -
Little Rock Nine
African American students who endured protests and desegregated Arkansas school. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights -
SCLC
African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr, had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement. -
Orval Faubus
the Governor of Arkansas who called in the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock Nine from attending Central High School; after meeting with Eisenhower, Faubus removed the National Guard but allowed a white mob to terrorize the students and prevent their entry into school. -
Stokely Carmichael
a Trinidadian-American political activist best known for leading the civil rights group SNCC in the 1960s. -
Sit
Students from across the country came together to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and organize sit-ins at counters throughout the South. This front page is from the North Carolina A&T University student newspaper. By 1960, the Civil Rights Movement had gained strong momentum. -
Affirmative Action
policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. -
Freedom Riders
rode through the Deep South to protest segregation at bus terminals, protesters would go into whites only waiting rooms and restrooms -
Ole Miss Integration
On September 30, 1962, riots erupted on the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford where locals, students, and committed segregationists had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith, a black Air Force veteran attempting to integrate the all-white school. -
Cesar Chavez
founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. His union joined with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee in its first strike against grape growers in California, and the two organizations later merged to become the United Farm Workers. Stressing nonviolent methods, Chavez drew attention for his causes via boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. -
George Wallace
served as governor of Alabama from 1963 to 1967, prevented the University of Alabama from being desegregated -
March on Washington
Organized by a number of civil rights and religious groups, the event was designed to shed light on the political and social challenges African Americans continued to face across the country. -
U of Alabama Integration
African American students attempted to desegregate the University of Alabama in June 1963, Alabama's new governor, flanked by state troopers, literally blocked the door of the enrollment office. -
Non-violent Protest
achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, or other methods, while being nonviolent. -
Martin Luther King Jr
advocated nonviolent methods of protest while becoming perhaps the most influential leader of the civil right movement -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration -
Watts Riots
in Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. On August 11, 1965, an African-American motorist was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving -
Betty Friedan
A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men." -
Black Codes
organization of militant African Americans founded in 1966 -
Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party or the BPP was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966 -
Title IX (9)
a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. -
Hector P. Garcia
founded the American GI Forum, organizing veterans to fight for educational and medical benefits, and later, against poll taxes and school segregation. A proud member of the Greatest Generation, García sought the inclusion of Mexican Americans into mainstream America. -
Lester Maddox
He ran a restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia. He closed it because he refused to serve African Americans and was then elected governor.
