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Benito Mussolini-italy
-fascism was an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy & other Europeans countries after 1919
-fascist program emphasized intense nationalism , productivism , anti socialism , elitism and the need for a stronger leader Mussolini -
Stalin - USSR
-Joseph Stalin was a powerful communist leader in the early years of the soviet union he was a dictator who terrorized the population & sent many people to prison and labor camps
-one of the communist leader's greatest task was collectivize farming Stalin created created a state-owned farms
-while Stalin was the leader he steadily increased his power many of his enemies were shot or sent to Siberia -
japanese expansion
-japanese expansion in east asia began in 1931 with the invasion of manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on china on september 27, 1940 japan signed the tripartite pact with germany and italy. then the us had stopped trade with the japanese which led them to attack us and british forces in asia and shortly after the japanese had dropped a bomb on pearl harbor leading to the us declaring war on japanese and joining the war -
Adolph Hitler German
-a dictatorship requires one person & one party to be in control of a nation & a climate of fear
-personal freedom disappeared in Nazi Germany
-Hitler asked Hinderburg to grant him emergency powers in view of the "communist takeover" -
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advance technology
-torpedoes was used to destroy submarines & ship's from long distance , because bullets couldn't go far & do a lot of damage -
german expansion
-the german invasion of western poland on 1 september 1939 led to ww2 between 1939 and 1941 the german army invaded and occupied many countries including the netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france , denmark, norway and western poland, the invasion of poland led both britain and france to declare war on germany and then began the war because german invasions continued more of the countries declared war on the germans and their allies which caused a international response of war. -
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Volunteerism in WW2 (red cross)
at home
-began blood donor services in america to produce lifesaving plasma for the armed forces, served in hopsitals produced emergeny supplies collected scrap ran victory gardens & maintained training programs overseas
-became the chief providers of relief supplies in europe served as field directors , provided support for troops operated clubs & were attached to military hospitals -
rationing
-rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources & goods
-rationing itmes were gasoline, tires, meat , butter & jellies
-people had to use "rationing goods" which were issued to each family based on its size -
m1 semi automatic rifle and radar
-the design of the m1 allowed americans to fire more shots against german and japanese counter parts
radar
-battles were won by the side that was first to spot enemy airplanes, ships or submarines, the radar helped see hundreds of miles away even at night -
Rosie the riveter
-was the cultural icon during the second world war representing the women who worked in factories many who prided munitions or war supplies -
women in the military
WACS- women army corps
-women were doing the office things and the men in the offices were shipped over seas to fight
-the women did paperwork supply food , telegrams etc
-WAVES- women accepted for volunteer emergency service in the navy
-at the end of WW2 the women couldn't stay in the navy -
war bonds
-way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation
-people would buy bonds & the gov promised to return to them with interest after 10 yr or more
-gov needs the $ to pay for war equipment -
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island hopping
-island hopping was affecting the tide in favor of the allied powers because they kept pushing japanese forces out of the islands through the offensive against the island of Guadalcanal in the solomon archipelago which had marked the beginning of island hopping fought between august 1942 and february 1943 eventually succeeded in forcing japan to relinquish the island -
victory gardens
-as part of the war effort the government rationed food like sugar, butter, milk ,cheese,eggs ,coffee ,meat and canned goods
-the government turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "victory gardens" -
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U.S. office of war information
-responsibilities - control the contest and imagery of war message & make citizens aware of how they could help in the war effort
-activities- produced radio programs , newsreels, asked citizens to contribute time & money, create products , conserve resources , donate & stir up distrust to lower enemy & population morals to promote surrender -
higgin boats
-higgins boat were a landing craft used extensively in amphibious landing in ww2 the crafts were design by andrew higgins based on boats made for operations in swamps or marshes -
executive order 9066
-the document ordered the removal of resident enemy from parts of the west
-after bombing pearl harbor by the japanese in 1941 roosevelt came under increase pressure by military and political -
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Victory Corps
-the purpose of this students organization was to prepare high school students to aid in the war effort on home front
-both girls & boys from white & African Americans school participated
-students participated in a physical fitness program & enroll in a war effort class -
Isoroku yamamato
japanese marshal admiral commander in chief of the combined fleet -played a vital role (executed the suprsise attack) in peral harbor which made japan victorious -
bernad montgomery
-senior british army officer in the african&european war
-commanded the british 8th army & 21st army during the euro campaign
-was over all british troops on june 6 1944 "d-day" -
douglas macauthor
-american 5 star general and field marshal of the phillippine army
-macauthor was chief of staff during ww2
-led the us army in "island hopping" in the south west pacific campaign -
erwin rommel
-field marshal
-germans most popular generals during ww2
-on "d-day" he discussed wiht other officers about surrendering
-due to his ties to the plot to overthrow hitler he was murdered -
chester w nimitz
-was leading the us army authority on submarines
-he was the us last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-admiral chester was appointed commander in chief of the us pacific fleet just after pearl harbor
-he commmanded us forces at the battle of midway
-this battle halted japanese advance in the pacific -
Omar Bradly
-was a senior officer of the US army
-he was in service in north america and western Europe during WW2
-he than became general of the 1st american army to land in France -
George C Marshall
-throughout the war general George c Marshall (1880-1959)
acted as chief of staff and the "organizer of victory" he worked with president Roosevelt to urge military preparedness before pearl harbor built up and supplied an army of 8 million men & later helped to oversea the creation of the first atomic bomb -
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invasion of normandy (d-day)
D-day affected the war tide for the allies positively because the battle foreshadowed the end of hitlers dream of nazi domination, - d day was the largest air, land, and sea operation undertaken the landing included over 5,000 ships , 11,000 airplanes and over 150,000 service men by the end the allies had reached the seine river paris was liberated and the germans has been removed from northwestern france effectively concluding the battle of normandy -
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liberation of concentration camps
-the liberation of the camps pushed towards the victory for the allies because they were slowly starting to shut down hitler's operation of the nazi takeover the soviet were the first forces to reach a concentration camp, majdanek near lublin poland, due to the rapid soviet advance the germans had burned the camp but the gas chambers were left standing the soviets also overran the sites of the belzec sobibo treblinka and the soviets liberated auschwitz the largest concentration camp -
Koremastsu
-fred korematsu a japanese U.S citizen that refused to leave his home in san leandro CA
-court decided the nation security concern out-weighted the constitutions promise of equal rights -the executive order 9066 banned japanese alien & non alien from the U.S
-50 yrs later it was over turned by congress & apology was given -
Korematsu vs US
-1944 was a land mark united states supreme court case concerning the consitutionality of executive order 9066 which ordered japanese americans into interment camps during WW2 regardless of citizenship -
Potsdam conference
participants were the USSR the US and the UK
-three powers were represented by communist party general secretary jospeh stalin prime minister winston churchill and president harry s turman
-gathered to decided how to punish nazi germany
-on july 26 truman churchill chiang kai shek issued the potsdam decaration which outlined the terms of surrender of japan
-broke germany into 3 diff parts -
nuclear weapon
president harry truman decided to use the atomic bomb against japan after bombs were dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki in august japan surrendered ww2 in which over 70 million people died when it was over -
women and minority
while the men went to fihgt in the war the women were left to work in the factories after the war men came back to reclaim thier positions at factories but the women didnt want to give them up. spuring up the feministic movement in the war men of color fought along the side white men for the first time when they got back from the war they were treated with the same racial slurs sparking the civil rights movements -
the US & european countries (ww2 end results)
-in the us the war happened after the great depression 30% unemployment was cut down to less than 5% after the employment boost due to the war the european countries were left to rebuild and the us lended money to countries and germany was the only country to fully pay it back in 1990 -
pearl harbor
-the Japanese royal navy launched a surprise attack against the Americans killing over 2,400 Americans & militant person
-destroyed 18 ship and 32 airplanes
-Roosevelt's famous day of infamy speech was a response to attack