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Allies
aka:The Triple Entente
members: France, Britain, and Russia -
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire -
1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
he was the heir to the Austrian throne
in Saravejo, Bosnia
shot by Gavrilo Princip -
Schlieffen Plan
called for a holding action against Russia -
Sinking of British liner Lusitania
sunk by a U-boat off the southern coast of Ireland
1,198 people lost, 128 of them were Americans -
Sinking of British liner Arabic
sunk by a U-boat
2 Americans drowned
forced Germany to promise to stop sinking passenger ships -
Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech
Wilson called for "a peace without victory.... a peace between equals" meaning neither side would impose harsh terms on the other -
Trench warfare
armies fought for mere yards of ground -
Sinking of French passenger liner Sussex
Germany broke their promise and sunk the Sussex
80 passengers (including Americans) killed or injured -
Battle of the Somme
lasted until mid-November
60,000 British casualties on 1st day
1.2 million British casualties total -
Germany blockades the North Sea
difficult for Germany to import foodstuffs and fertilizers for crops
Americans were angry -
Zimmermann note
telegram from German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico
telegram was intercepted by British agents
proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised if war broke out in the US, Germany would support Mexico in recovering "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona -
369th Infantry Regiment
included Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts were 1st Americans to to receive France's highest military honor, the Croix de Guerre "the cross of war" -
Convoy System
heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across Atlantic in groups -
War Industries Board
established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918
regulatory board under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch, a prosperous businessman
encouraged companies to use mass-production to increase efficiency -
Bolshevik Revolution
Russian revolution by the Bolsheviks -
American Expeditionary Force and General John J. Pershing
US armed forces sent to Europe under command of General John J. Pershing to help fight WWI -
Select Service Act
required men to register with the govt to be randomly selected for military service -
Espionage and Sedition Acts
June 1917 Congress passed the Espionage Act
May 1918 Congress passed the Sedition Act
a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort -
Second Battle of the Marne
in July and August
America helped win -
Wilson's Fourteen Points
there should be no secret treaties among nations, freedom of the seas should be maintained for all;tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade;arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety,thus lessening the possibility of military responses during diplomatic crises;colonial policies should be considered the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers -
Shell shock, trench foot, and trench mouth
shell shock- complete emotional collapse from which many never recovered
trench foot- toes turned red or blue then became numb and then start to rot
trench mouth- painful infection of the gums and throat -
National War Labor Board
established by President Wilson to deal with disputes between management and labor -
Raising money for the war
govt raised 1/3 of $35.5 billion(how much US spent on war efforts) through taxes -
Committee on Public Information and the "four minute men"
nation's 1st propaganda agency
George Creel was had of CPI
he recruited 75,000 men to serve as "four minute men" who spoke about everything relating to the war -
Eugene V. Debs arrest
sentenced to 10 years in jail for speaking out against the war and the draft -
Emma Goldman
an anarchist who receieved 2 year prison sentence and $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League -
Victor Burger
socialist congressman from Wisconsin -
Food Administration
established by President Wilson to help produce and conserve food -
Anti-German sentiment in America
Americans with German names lost their jobs
orchestras refused to play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms
towns with German names changed their names
schools stopped teaching German
librarians removed books by German authors -
Big Bill Haywood and the IWW
Haywood- a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
him and other leaders of IWW were accused of sabotaging the war effort bc they urged workers to strike for better conditions and higher pay -
Conscientious objector
a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds
pointing out that the Bible says, "Thou shalt not kill." -
Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies
surrendered to the Allies -
Establishment of the German Republic
established by the socialist leaders of Berlin -
Cease-fire and armistice
Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice that ended the war
armistice-truce -
Reparations and the War Guilt Clause
France to pay $33 billion in reparations(war damages) to the Allies
forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI -
Agreements made in the Treaty of Versailles
established 9 new nations
carved 5 areas of Ottoman Empire and gave to France and Great Britain as temporary colonies
