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Truman Doctrine
Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy that swears American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats."
Cause: Truman asked the United States to support the both Greece and Turkey in their fights against communism and the Soviet Union after Britain stopped supporting them.
Effect: The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to preserve democracies in nations when deemed in the best interest of the U.S. -
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McCarthyism
McCarthyism, also known as the Second Red Scare, was the persecution of left-wing individuals and a campaign spreading fear of alleged communist and Soviet influence on American institutions.
Cause: The Red Scare and tense political climate of the Cold War led to intense fear-mongering.
Effects: McCarthyism led to much fear and paranoia in the United States. When most of the allegations turned out to be false it led to many ruined careers and reputations. -
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Korean War
Korean War was a war fought between North Korea and South Korea.
Cause: Tension had been building on the Korean peninsula for a while, but the war officially started when North Korea's army invaded South Korea in a coordinated attack
Effect: The war would last for 3 years with an estimated 3 million casualties. Multiple war crimes were committed by both North and South Korea and the war would only end when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. -
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Brown v Board of Education
A landmark case in the US Supreme Court, leading to the end of racial segregation in schools.
Cause: The case originated when the Topeka, Kansas school system refused to enroll Oliver Brown's daughter to the school closest to their home. Brown and twelve other families filed a class-action lawsuit against the school system.
Effect: Brown v Board of Education was a landmark case in the United States and led to the decision that all schools in the United States must be desegregated. -
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
Cause: Following the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided with a North and a pro-Western government led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. This division was intended to be temporary, with elections planned to reunify the country.
Effects: Casualties were between 1,326,494 and 3,447,494. On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
A political protest gainst racial segregation on public transit.
Cause: Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white person
Effect: In 1956, Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to the United States Supreme Court decision which declared that segregated buses were unconstitutional -
Sputnik
The first artificial Earth satellite.
Cause: The Soviet Union responded to Dwight D. Eisenhower's announcement that the United State would launch a satellite into space and went to work on Sputnik.
Effect: The launch of the satellite was the beginning of the Space Race, which was apart of the Cold War. -
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Cuban Missile Crisis
a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Causes: The United States planeted Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Italy, and the Soviet Union responded by placing nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Effects: The Cuban Missile Crisis nearly brought the world to s state of nuclear war. -
March on Washington
A march in Washington D.C., to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African-Americans
Causes: The Civil Rights movement was reaching its peak and Bayard Rustin and Philip Randolph wanted to organize a march
Effects: The March on Washington is credited for helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
JFK Assassination
John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
Cause: Many believe that Kennedy was killed because of a conspiracy against him, but little evidence is there to show that
Effect: The United States was placed in a time of mourning and Kennedy was replaced by Lyndon B. Johnson -
Civil Rights Act
A civil rights and labor law that outlaws discrimination based on race, sex, color, or religion.
Cause: The Civil Rights Act was proposed by Kennedy, but rejected by a fillibuster in Senate. After Kennedy's assassination, it was pushed forward by Lyndon B. Johnson and was passed.
Effects: although slow to enforce it, it gave the same rights to all citizens of the United States regardless of race, color, religion, etc -
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Tet Offensive
Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War.
Cause: The Tet Offensive was driven by political goals. The North Vietnamese leadership sought to weaken the South Vietnamese government's control over its territory and erode support for the war among the American public
Effect: The Tet Offensive deepened opposition to the war within the United States. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced a halt to the bombing of North Vietnam and a willingness to pursue negotiations -
MLK Assassinated
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in April of 1968.
Cause: Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent figure in the Civil Rights movement which invited for a lot of enemies with racist views. He was shot in a hotel in Memphis by James Earl Ray
Effect: King's death sent shockwaves throughout not just the Black community, but the entire world. King's death led to race riots throughout dozens of cities. -
Robert F. Kennedy Assassination
Robert F Kennedy was assassinated on June 5, 1968 in Los Angelos, California
Cause: Robert F. Kennedy was shaking hands with a 17-year-old busboy when he was shot two times by 24-year-old Sirhan Sirhan
Effect: Robert F Kennedy's death led to the Secret Service being assigned to protect presidential candidates. -
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Moon Landing
Apollo 11 was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon.
Cause: During the Cold War, after losing to the Soviet Union to put a human in space and launching the first satellite into space the United States raced to put a man on the moon before the Soviets.
Effects: Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory in the Space Race to demonstrate spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. -
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Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protected a right to have an abortion.
Cause: Norma McCorvey, who was pregnant with her third child, wanted an abortion, but abortion was illegal in the state of Texas. She filed a lawsuit against her local district attorney, Henry Wade.
Effect: the decision of Roe v. Wade made abortion a protected right in the United States. -
Watergate Break-in
On June 17, 1972, five burglars were arrested at the Democratic National Committee's Watergate office-apartment-hotel complex.
Cause: five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters, which were located in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. The men were found to have ties to Nixon's campaign organization.
Effect: Nixon and his team quickly moved to coverup the investigation, but eventually Nixon resigned from office -
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Iran Hostage Crisis
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States.
Cause: Fifty-three American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.
Effect: The United States and Iran negotiated and eventually created the Algiers Accords which was a set of obligations they both had to agree too, and eventually the hostages were freed.