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2023 BCE
Religious Conflicts
There were many religious conflicts in the past. For example, the India Partition which happened in 1947 caused by a range of political choices made by both the Indian elites and the British. The Demand for a separate Muslim nation Pakistan came from a belief that Muslim required their own state to safe guard. It led to one of the largest migration, accompanied by violence. This partition formed two nations India and Pakistan -
The building of the Suez Canal
The Suez Canal was constructed between 1859 and 1869. It is an artificial waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, significantly reducing travel distances between Europe and Asia. The canal's construction involved significant engineering challenges but ultimately transformed global trade and maritime transportation. -
The signing of a treaty called Sykes-Picot Agreement
The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret 1916 deal between Britain and France to divide the Middle East territories of the Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence, shaping the region's future without considering local interests. -
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht, also known as the Night of Broken Glass, was a violent anti-Jewish pogrom carried out by the Nazis in Germany and Austria on November 9-10, 1938. During this event, Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed, resulting in widespread violence and terror against the Jewish population. -
The beginning of T4 program
The T4 program was a Nazi program during World War II that aimed to kill people who deemed "unfit" or "disabled" from the German population. This program involved the systematic murder of tens of thousands of people with physical and mental disabilities through gas chambers and other means. -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was a genocide during World War II in which six million European Jews were systematically murdered by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was a horrific event in history that serves as a reminder of the dangers of intolerance and discrimination. -
Hitler's approval of the "final solution"
The "Final Solution" was the Nazi plan during World War II to systematically exterminate the Jewish population in Europe by building extermination camps. This genocidal program was killing through gas chambers, mass shootings, and concentration camps, resulted in the death of six million Jews, along with millions of others deemed undesirable by the Nazis. -
Chinese Communist revolution
The Chinese Communist Revolution, led by Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China, ended in 1949 with the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The revolution involved a civil war against the ruling Nationalist government, marked by key events like the Long March and resistance against Japanese occupation during World War II. The victory of the CPC signaled the end of imperial rule and the beginning of communist governance in China. -
Algerian revolutions
The Algerian Revolution was a war of independence from 1954 to 1962, where Algerian nationalists fought against French colonial rule, leading to Algeria gaining independence on July 5, 1962. -
Vietnam war
The Vietnam War was a conflict that lasted from 1955 to 1975. It was fought between the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The war ended with the victory of North Vietnam and Vietnam being a communist government. -
The Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward was a massive socio-economic campaign in China from 1958 to 1962, aiming to rapidly transform the country into an industrialized socialist state. However, due to poor planning and natural disasters, it resulted in widespread famine and the deaths of tens of millions of people. -
The formation of OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed in 1960 by a group of oil-producing countries to coordinate and unify their petroleum policies. OPEC's primary goal is to stabilize oil markets, ensure fair prices for both producers and consumers, and secure a steady income for its member countries. -
Cultural Revolution in China
The Cultural Revolution in China, spanning from 1966 to 1976, was a radical movement initiated by Mao Zedong to purge perceived counter-revolutionary elements from society. It mobilized millions of young people, resulting in widespread violence, destruction of cultural heritage, and political instability. The movement ended with Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang of Four, leaving a lasting impact on Chinese society. -
Iranian revolution
The Iranian Revolution took place in 1979 and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini. This revolution had far-reaching consequences for Iran's political, social, and religious landscape, significantly altering the country's direction and relations with the West. -
Tiananmen Square Massacre
The Tiananmen Square Massacre occurred on June 4, 1989, when the Chinese government violently suppressed pro-democracy protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, resulting in the deaths of hundreds, possibly thousands, of demonstrators demanding political reforms and greater freedoms. -
Word War One
World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It involved major powers forming the Allies and Central Powers. Characterized by trench warfare and new military technologies, the war ended in 1918 with the signing of the Armistice and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh conditions on Germany and had lasting geopolitical consequences. -
The Columbian Exchange
In 1492 the Columbian exchange formed connections everywhere, transferring goods,microbes.People adapted the food, animals.The diseases led to deaths, causing the population of Americas to decrease.Animals like horses changed the lifestyle of native people and agriculture.Plants from the new world had a big effect on Europe, for example the Italian cuisine, which is filled with tomatoes. As people moved from East to West they formed connections and changed lifestyles. -
A sublime empire
In 1453 the Ottoman sultan seized control over Constantinople, this was the start of further expansion, by the middle of 16th century was the most powerful empires. Ottoman armies conquered North Africa, Mesopotamia and the Balkans. The Ottoman expanded rapidly, which meant a lot of wars and prisoner wars. Millions of prisoners were imported to the empire. The diversity came from the importation of enslaved people. The empire had control over the main routes for trade, which brought wealth. -
The Golden Khanate conquer Russia and its consequences
Mongols and Russians lived on the same landmass. In 13th century Mongol Khanate conquered the northern part. They took taxes and many opportunities from Russia to develop as a country. In 14th century the Mongol Empire collapsed and in 1613 Michael Romanov became czar, he modernized the military by adding gunpowder, the empire expanded rapidly. Under czar Peter the Great Russia was victorious in a war with Sweden. By 1750 Russia expanded into Siberia, which was really beneficial -
The revolt of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire
Since the empire seemed power in people, they forced Christian families sell their children in the service of sultan. This process was called devshrime. The empire took the boys and converted them to Islam to train them into soldiers. After that best soldiers and professionals had a little bit more rights, but that was not enough. In 17th and 18th centuries several sultans were overthrown, held captive or killed. By the 18th century the devshirme had been designed to avoid. -
Russian expansions
Russia expanded rapidly. Russian expansion to Alaska was motived by fur trade, since Alaska was rich for fur animals, which would lead to wealth. Eventually, Russia sold Alaska to US for$7.2 million in a deal known as Alaska purchase. The expand to Astrakhan was to obtain key trade routes. This also led to establishing presence. The expand to Crimea was to strategically control the Black Sea region. This led to Crimea becoming a significant part of Russia. Russia also expanded to Kazan,Siberia. -
The establishment of maritime empires
Motivated by the allurement of enormous profit, the Portuguese and Spanish along with British and Dutch sought to build sea based empire and make a fortune out of it. Their arrival brought violent warfares, diseases, land grabs and slavery. The Europeans had control over the Caribbean, Philippines, Andes, North Africa and Mediterranean. Conquering, developing and managing maritime empires was a costly prospect. This is why the expansion relied on merchants, who could develop new territories -
Great Northern War
Happened in 1700-1721 between Sweden and Russia, Peter the Great wanted to gain access to the Balctic sea resulting in a direct conflict with Sweden. It led to an expansion of Russian territory and gaining access to the Balctic sea and the reshape of political landscape. -
Anglo Spanish war
Happened in 16th century between England and Spain due to religious strife between Catholic people and Protestants during reformation. Contributed to it's maritime and colonial ambitions. -
ottoman Safavid wars
Happened In 16th-18th centuries between Ottoman and Safavid empires due to religious rivalry and territorial disputes, which led to the drain of resources and weakening of both empires, contributing to their eventual decline -
Helocentric model of Nicolaus Copernicus.
Nicolaus Copernicus developed a heliocentric model and published it in 1543. This model positioned the Sun at the center of Universe with Earth and other planets orbiting around it. This development changed the role of astronomy in society, taking religion out of it. -
The development of Isaac's Newton three laws of motion
Isaac Newton developed the three laws of motion in 1686. The first law is that every object moves in a straight line unless acted upon force. The second law says that the force of an object is equal to its mass times acceleration. In the third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. These laws are universal so in that time they helped people to understand the motion more not only on Earth, but also in the sky. -
Galileo"s creationof telescope
In 1609 Galileo constructed his own telescope after hearing about the Danish perspective glass.He made the telescope increasingly higher magnifying power for his own use and to present his patrons. He was a skilled instrument maker and his telescope were known for their high quality -
French Revolution
The dissatisfaction of common people with absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI. It began with the storming of Bastile. Inspired by liberal ideas it started overthrowing government and gave a start of a bloodshed. It was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. -
Boston tea party
A protest in 1773 by colonists in North America who objected to British taxation without representation and demonstrated it by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor -
English civil war
It was caused by a conflict between Charles 1 and the parliament, which did not want to approve him and did not give money for the funds.Charles 1 then sought money from taxes and various fines. There was also a huge debt caused by participating in wars and his lavish lifestyles. Multiple clashes began. It led to Charles 1 being sentenced to death. -
American revolution
Britain started competing over colonies in North America to gain greater control, which led to a bitter rivalry with France and colonists starting a boycott refusing to buy any English goods. Britain ended up gaining control over 13 colonies, while American colonists did everything they could to stop the British rule by uniting. -
Haitan revolution
In 1791 the mistreatment of slaves and a strict social division resulted in an overthrow of a French regime by Africans. The leader of the revolution was Toussaint L'Ouverture, an ex-slave who freed the slaves on the eastern part of Haiti. It resulted in the development of an independent county found by formal slaves -
Mexican independence
On September 16 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest called on all Indian peasants to rebel against their Spanish masters. Today, that call is known as grito de Dolores. This group began 200 mile march toward Mexico City armed sickles and stones. The new leader Jose Maria Morelos led creoles and made Mexico independent in 1821 -
Independence of Argentina
Simon Bolivar was a writer, fighter and political thinker and Jose de San Martin helped win independence for Argentina in 1816. Bolivar led a combined army to victory in 1824 that gave independence to all the former Spanish colonies. -
Independence pf Brazil
Napoleon armies entered Portugal in 1807 the royal family escaped to Brazil. For the next 14 years Brazil was the center of Portuguese empire. People in Brazil wants their independence in 1822 8000 creoles signed a paper asking the son of Portugal king's son to rule an independent Brazil, he agreed and Brazil became independent without bloodshed -
Industrial revolution in Europe
In 18th century the industrial revolution in Europe revolutionized society, resulting in the widespread adoption of machine manufacturing, steam power, and railways. It fueled the growth of industries such as textiles and coal mining, leading to urbanization and the emergence of modern industrialized nations. -
Industrial revolution in Egypt
In 19th century Egypt had an industrial change. The construction of the Suez Canal played a crucial role in trade and boosted Egypt's economy. Additionally, industries like textiles, sugar, and cotton production flourished, contributing to Egypt's modernization and economic development during this period.This revolution laid the foundation for Egypt's emergence as a key regional industrial power. -
Industrial revolution in Japan
Japan's industrial revolution transformed the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By adopting Western technology and practices, Japan modernized rapidly, becoming a global economic powerhouse. A new form of government was made and reformed the army, growth of textile, shipbuilding. -
Industrial revolution in Russia
The Industrial Revolution in Russia, spanning from the late 19th to early 20th century, saw rapid industrialization, fueled by natural resources like coal and iron. Key sectors included textiles, metallurgy, and railroads. Urbanization surged, transforming Russia into an industrial power, albeit with social and economic challenges. -
Industrial revolution in Germany
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Germany went through a major transformation known as the Industrial Revolution. One key moment was the creation of the Zollverein customs union in 1834, which brought different German states together economically. The Ruhr Valley became a hot spot for industry, especially in churning out coal and iron. Machines were introduced, especially in textiles, helping Germany become a big deal in industry by the late 1800s. -
The assasination of Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand of Sarajevo. His family ruled Austro Hungarian empire, his uncle struggled to rule the empires ethic communities, so many seperate nations like Serbia were created. The serbs killed Franz Ferdinand, declaring a war. -
Indian uprising
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a significant but unsuccessful uprising against the British East India Company's rule. It began in Meerut, spread across the plains of northern and central India, and was contained by mid-1858. The conflict led to the end of the East India Company's rule and the reorganization of British authority in India under the crown. -
The Boxing Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) in China was led by the "Boxers" who opposed foreign influence and Christianity. It prompted an eight-nation alliance to intervene, leading to the rebellion's suppression and greater foreign control over China. -
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan against the ruling of Qing dynasty, aiming to establish a theocratic 'Heavenly Kingdom.' It resulted in around 20-30 million deaths and was quelled with help from Western forces. -
Opium Wars
The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) were conflicts between China and Western powers, sparked by disputes over trade and opium. They resulted in China ceding Hong Kong to Britain and granting trade concessions to foreign powers. -
Maji Maji Rebellion
The rebellion took place in German East Africa (1905-1907). The regional grievances like forced labor like forcing people to grow cotton on communal farms or railways. The suppression of the rebellion was carried out by military action. In the result many displaced rural people resettled near German administrative. -
Mokrani revolt
The Mokrani Revolt was an 1871 uprising in Algeria against French colonial rule, led by Cheikh Mokrani. Triggered by land seizures, heavy taxation, and conscription, the revolt was ultimately suppressed by French forces, reinforcing their control over Algeria until its independence in 1962. -
Xhosa Cattle Killing movement
The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement was a 19th-century event in South Africa led by prophetess Nongqawuse. It involved the mass slaughter of cattle and destruction of crops to show the resistance in a non violent way leading to famine and the deaths of thousands of Xhosa people, profoundly impacting their society and history. -
Russian fur trade
Russian fur trade was an economic event that was focused on acquiring furs from Siberia which were highly prized in Europe and Asia. This resulted in a decline in the number of fur animals in the forests of Siberia. This is a great example of colonzing nature and using the most of it from the colonized Siberia by Russia. -
Sino Japanese war
the conflict between Japan and China in 1894–95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. -
Franco-Prussian war
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 was a conflict between France and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany. The war resulted in a decisive Prussian victory, leading to the capture of Napoleon III and the fall of the Second French Empire. It also led to the proclamation of the German Empire at the Palace of Versailles. -
Moroccan crisis
The Moroccan Crisis in the early 20th century saw European powers competing for influence in Morocco, leading to heightened tensions and contributing to the buildup to World War I. -
Agadir crisis
The Agadir Crisis was a 1911 dispute between France and Germany over Morocco, heightening European tensions before World War I. It ended with the Treaty of Fez, solidifying French control in Morocco. -
The assasination of Franz Ferdinand
Franz ferdinand of Sarajevo. His family ruled Austro Hunagrian empire. His uncle struggkes to rule the empire's ethic communities. Many seperate nations like Serbia were created.The Serbs killed Franz ferdinand declaring a war -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) was sparked by discontent with Porfirio Díaz's regime. Francisco Madero's call for revolution led to Díaz's ousting in 1911. Figures like Zapata and Villa advocated for agrarian reforms. The Constitution of 1917 implemented progressive measures. Internal conflicts, including the Zapatista and Villista movements, occurred. The revolution brought about significant social changes, shaping Mexico's political landscape. -
Russian revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the overthrow of the monarchy, first in the February Revolution and later in the October Revolution led by the Bolsheviks. This led to the establishment of Soviet power, significant social and economic changes, and the eventual formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. -
February revolution
The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was a spontaneous uprising marked by mass protests and strikes in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). It resulted in the overthrow of the Romanov monarchy. The revolution marked the end of centuries of autocratic rule and led to the establishment of a Provisional Government, which, however, struggled to address deep-seated issues and eventually paved the way for the more radical October Revolution later that year. -
October Revolution
The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the Provisional Government established after the February Revolution. The Bolsheviks seized key points in Petrograd, establishing Soviet power and marking the beginning of socialist rule. This event laid the groundwork for the formation of the Soviet Union and marked a significant turning point in Russian and world history. -
World War One
World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It involved major powers forming the Allies and Central Powers. Characterized by trench warfare and new military technologies, the war ended in 1918 with the signing of the Armistice and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh conditions on Germany and had lasting geopolitical consequences. -
World War 2
World War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved most of the nations, including the major powers known as the Allies (led by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Britain the Axis (led by Germany, Japan, and Italy). The war was marked by significant events such as the invasion of Poland, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Holocaust.WWII ended in 1945 with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. -
Rise of Fascism
The rise of fascism in the early 20th century saw dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany gaining power through nationalistic and authoritarian ideologies. Key factors included economic instability, social discontent, and a desire for strong leadership. Fascist regimes suppressed opposition, promoted militarism, and led to aggressive foreign policies, ultimately contributing to World War II. -
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1920, ended World War I and imposed harsh penalties on Germany. Key points include territorial losses, military restrictions, war guilt clause, and reparations. The treaty's terms fueled resentment in Germany, contributing to economic hardship and political instability, setting the stage for World War II. -
The rise of Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism gained popularity. This theory challenged notions of rational choice and posited that history operated on the principle of "survival of the fittest." According to Social Darwinism, human populations were biologically driven to compete against each other. This perspective led to the development of scientific racism. By the early twentieth century, Social Darwinism became linked to notions of racially pure and aggressive nations.