-
Period: 17 to 19
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
Many cultural and scientific advances were made in the 19th century. The great scientific revolution of the 17th century was followed by a second scientific revolution during this period. -
Period: 18 to 19
LITERARY MOVEMENTS
Realism. Realist literature was developed by authors such as Honoré de Balzac (France), Charles Dickens (England), Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Russia) and Benito Pérez Galdós (Spain). -
Period: 18 to 19
LITERARY MOVEMENTS
Naturalism. Naturalistic writers depicted everyday reality with extreme realism. In naturalistic works, people would change for the better if their living conditions changed. Émile Zola (France) and Emilia Pardo Bazán (Spain) were important naturalistic writers. -
Period: 18 to 19
Women and the Struggle for Voting
The situation would change thanks to the Great War, when 20 million soldiers went to fight in Europe. The jobs previously done by men then had to be done by women. As huge numbers of women joined the workforce and proved that they could do the tasks required quite efficiently, women demonstrated to the world that they were just as capable of helping their countries as men. -
Period: to 19
SUFFRAGISM AND FEMINISM
At the end of the 19th century, there continued to be great inequality between men and women. Although men had achieved the right to vote thanks to the successive liberal revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848, women had not. Women also earned less than half the wages that men did. They were not allowed to go to university and had to obey their husbands, fathers or brothers. -
Period: to
SUFFRAGISM IN SPAIN
Writer and activist Concepción Arenal (1820-1893) believed that women should not be restricted to the traditional roles of wife and mother. -
Period: to
SUFFRAGISM IN SPAIN
Novelist Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851-1921) criticised the political advances made by liberal men because they had actually increased inequality between men and women. -
Period: to
EMMELINE PANKHURST
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) is considered the most important British feminist of her time. She was an activist and leader of the suffragette movement, but was criticised by her contemporaries for the very aggressive methods - such as smashing windows and supporting arson - that she used to make her views known. -
Period: to
ARMED PEACE (1890-1914)
Britain was worried because Germany’s navy had expanded into a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the Royal Navy. In the Triple Alliance, each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power, or, in the case of Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone. -
Period: to
THE TENSION ARISES
As diplomatic tension between the two blocs increased, each bloc invested in its military, taking advantage of the advances of industrialisation. This process was called the arms race or armed peace. Two sources of extreme tension inherited from the Bismarckian Systems.