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Trinity Test
After World War II broke out in Europe, America tried to catch up to German atomic power advancement. The Trinity Test was the first success of an atomic bomb in NM (Manhattan Project). The US government authorized a top-secret project for nuclear testing and development called "The Manhattan Project". The project took place in a building in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Then in 1945, the scientists at Los Alamos succedded in the first atomic bomb at the Trinity Test site, located in Alamogordo. -
Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas in the post-WWII and Cold War era. It was a barrier to communication or information, especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy. Boundary lay vertically through the middle of Germany. On the west side was the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Romania and West Germany, and on the east side was England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and East Germany. -
Truman Doctrine
The doctrine was first developed by President Harry S. Truman, it established that the United States would provide assistance to all democratic nations under threat from any communist forces. After the British could no longer financially provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, the doctrine supplied them with $400 million. It helped other countries too like Korea, Vietnam, Latin America, Cuba. As a result, it built up a network of allies because the US gave military aid free of charge. -
Joseph McCarthy
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, the fear of communists was all over the United States. Senator Joseph McCarthy spent almost five years trying to trying to expose communists in the country and other “loyalty risks” in the U.S. government. He accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists. Soon his philosophy flourished in the Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear In 1954, until he attacked the Army, he was censored by Congress, andwas removed from the Senate. -
Period: to
Cold War
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Marshall Plan
This was the plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was created by the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall. HIs plan was to provide economic assistance to all European nations that would join in drafting a program for recovery. The United States to give about $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war and prevent the idea of communism. The Marshall Plan was successful in sparking the economic recovery by restoring the European confidence of their economic future. -
Berlin Airlift
Started by the Berlin blockade when the Soviet attempted to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. America and Europeans responded by shipping by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin This was Truman's strategy to prevent the removal of US troops from Berlin, while also helping the troops to survive. To keep the Soviets from shooting down the flights, Truman stationed B-29s capable of delivering atomic bombs in England. -
Television
The television is a device that receive electronic signals and makes them into pictures and sounds. TV overpowered newspapers, magazines, radios as a source of news info and diversion. TV advertising gave the vast market for new fashions and products. It televised athletic events made college/pro sports a major source of entertainment. TV programming created a popular image of American life: white, middle class, suburban. Also oppressed/less fortunate people could see the way everyone else lived -
Beat Generation
The Beat Generation was a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality. Basically, they rejected American culture. It was a group full of bohemian writers and personalities, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. -
Period: to
The 1950s
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Fair Deal
The Fair Deal was Truman's 1949 message to Congress about his economic response plan. It was a program that called for individual rights, including job rights, controls over monopolies, good housing, good medical care, economic protection in old age, and good education. In the end, the Fair Deal raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people.The Fair Deal was an extension of the New Deal and characterizes the domestic agenda of the Truman administration -
Polio Vaccine
Before the polio vaccine, the disease killed thousands of people every year. Later the polio vaccines were used as vaccines to prevent poliomyelitis. The vaccine produces antibodies to kill the poliovirus strains of all three poliovirus types. It is given by intramuscular or intradermal injection and needs to be administered by a trained health worker. In the event of infection, these antibodies prevent the spread of the virus to the central nervous system and protect against paralysis. -
Dr. John Salk
Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourage. Salk was an American biologist and physician best known for the research and development of a killed-virus polio vaccine. He was the first to introduce an effective vaccine against Polio. When the vaccine was approved for general use in 1955, Salk became a national hero. President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave him a special citation at a ceremony held in the Rose Garden at the White House. -
Brown vs Board of Education
This was a Supreme Court case where justices ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. When Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all-white school close to her house, Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren proclaimed separate educational facilities were inherently unequal. Brown vs Board of Education case marked the end of legal segregation in the U.S. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley was born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi. He was Memphis-born singer and chief revolutionary whose youth, voice, and sex appeal helped popularize rock 'n' roll in the mid-1950s. Commonly known using only his first name, he was an icon of popular culture, in both music and film. He used rhythm and blues with bluegrass and country known as rock n' roll. He was one of the white artists who impersonated African American rock and roll icons and becomes incredibly popular. -
Emmett Till Tragedy
A 14-year old African American boy was visiting his family in Money, Mississippi when he was brutally murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman four days earlier. The people who killed him was the white woman’s husband and her brother. They made Emmett Till carry a 75-pound cotton gin to the banks of a river. The men then beat Emmett nearly to death gouged out his eye, shot him in the head and then threw his body into the river. The murder trial showed the brutality of Jim Crow. -
Rosa Parks
In Montgomery, Alabama on a city bus in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. She was an NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on the bus. Parks was the trigger of the civil rights movement and became an icon. Her boycott was led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the boycott lasted more than a year and ended only when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. -
Ike Turner
Ike Turner was born on November 5, 1931, in Clarksdale, Mississippi, and grew up playing the blues. He was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, talent scout, and record producer. His band played one of the first rock and roll songs, called "Rocket 88". Ike Turner made R&B hits with singer and wife Tina Turner. Some of their songs were called "I Idolize You," "It’s Going to Work Out Fine" and "Poor Fool". He also struggled with drug addiction and died of an accidental cocaine overdose. -
Little Richard
Little Richard was known for his flamboyant performances, Little Richard's hit songs from the mid-1950s were defining moments in the development of rock ‘n’ roll. He wails and screams in his songs like in the songs “Tutti-Frutti” and “Long Tall Sally”. Richard turned these songs into huge hits and influenced such bands as the Beatles. In 1951 Richard caught his first major break when a performance at an Atlanta radio station, and In 1955 Richard hooked up with Specialty Records producer Art Rupe -
G.I Bill
Allowed men and women in uniform returning from the war to continue their education at govt expense; veterans also received over $16 billion in low interest, govt backed loans to buy homes and farms and to start businesses. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools. n 1949, nearly 9 million veterans received up to $4 billion from the bill’s unemployment compensation program. -
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the space race. The United States was humiliated at being upstaged by the Russians, so the U.S. reshaped the educational system in efforts to produce the large numbers of scientists and engineers that Russia had and increased the acceleration of America's space program. -
The New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. John Kennedy's term for his agenda of renewed government activism both at home and aboard. The New Frontier focused foremost on fighting the Cold War and secondarily on public service initiatives such as the Peace Corps. Although his legislative program was limited, his ideas and personal appeal inspired the young. -
Period: to
The 1960s
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Bay of Pigs
The Bay of Pigs was an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba (Fidel Castro) by training and sending Cuban rebels. This plan ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans, the U.S air support did not arrive. President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. Castro then used the failed invasion to get even more aid from the Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on power. -
Albert Sabin
Alber Sabin was a renowned American medical researcher of Jewish ancestry and developed an even better, oral vaccine for polio and used it to allow for the eradication of polio. Sabin's vaccine was licensed in 1960 and replaced Jonas Salk's inactivated poliovirus vaccine, and the vaccine prevented the actual contraction of the disease and eliminated polio. He was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.. -
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps was a federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries. The agency provided labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world. -
Jack Ruby
A 52-year-old Dallas who owned a nightclub, shocked America when he shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald. When Oswald was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Ruby pretended to be a reporter and Ruby gunned down Oswald, and the event was witnessed by millions of Americans on live television. Oswald claimed his actions were from grief and denied any involvement in a conspiracy. In 1966, Ruby’s conviction was overturned, however, while waiting for a new trial, he died of cancer. -
Hippies
Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s. Rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs. In the mid-1960s, hippie counter-culture blossomed throughout the United States, inciting the Flower Power movement. Woodstock was where hippies had festivals. They turned back on America because they believed in a society based on peace and love. -
LSD
Called Lysergic acid diethylamide. In the 1960s, individuals such as psychologist Timothy Leary popularized the LSD drug saying to students to “turn on, tune in, and drop out.” This created a counterculture of drug abuse and spread around parts of the world.The drug is s=usually in capsules or gelatin squares. It is sometimes added to absorbent paper, which is then divided into small squares decorated with designs or cartoon characters. The drug mainly gives off hallucinations. -
March on Washington
This was a massive protest march that occurred with 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. The march was meant to draw attention on the continuing challenges that are faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. There Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech persuading for racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. It was one of the most visually impressive parts of the Civil Rights Movement. -
Birmingham Bombing
This was a white supremacist terrorism, where church bombing when a bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. This was a church where there's predominantly black congregation that also served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. In the end, Four young girls were killed and many other people injured. Four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the front steps of the church. -
Lee Harvey Oswald
According to five U.S. government investigations, he was the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Oswald was a former U.S. Marine who defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959. Oswald would later be charged with the murder of President Kennedy. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. -
Daisy Girl Ad
A political advertisement aired on television during the 1964 presidential election by President Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign. The advertisement was considered as a factor in Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater and an important turning point in political and advertising history. In the ad, a girl in a dress counted as she plucked daisy petals. The screen freezes and the camera zooms into the child's eye. As the countdown hits zero, a nuclear bomb detonates with a mushroom cloud. -
Barry Goldwater
He was the American politician, businessman, and author who was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in 1964 going against Lyndon B. Johnson. He even attacked the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society. Goldwater wanted to lessen the federal involvement. He lost by the largest margin in history. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the biggest legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. The act was passed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The civil rights act sought to undo the damage of Jim Crow policies. Before LBJ, John F. Kennedy decided to act on the discrimination but was assassinated. But LBJ carried on the case. -
Ho Chi Minh Trail
The trail was named after the North president. It was a network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War. The trail sent weapons manpower, ammunition and other supplies from communist-led North Vietnam to their supporters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. In 1970, Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines. -
Great Society
This was President Lyndon B. Johnson's version of the Democratic reform that sponsored social welfare programs. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. President Lyndon B. Johnson hoped to fulfill his main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment, and the Great Society became the largest social reform plan in modern history. -
Anti-War Movement
After the United States began bombing North Vietnam in, the Anti-War Movement was formed by a student protest that started the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world. It was Primarily a middle-class movement. All members of the Anti-War Movement shared an opposition to the war in Vietnam and condemned U.S. presence there. They claimed this was violating Vietnam's rights. This movement resulted in growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform etc. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks. LBJ signed. Encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap. Blacks became politically active -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was a Black Muslim minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time. He was an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. Formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) which attracted thousands of young, urban blacks with its message of socialism and self-help. He was assassinated in 1965 while giving a speech in New York City. -
Black Panther Party
This was a political organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community. The people part of this party dressed in black berets and black leather jackets. They armed black militants formed in Oakland. IIn 1968, the Black Panther Party had roughly 2,000 members. Later the organization later declined as a result of internal tensions, deadly shootouts and FBI counterintelligence activities aimed at weakening the organization. -
Death of MLK
Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. MLK was assassinated at a Memphis hotel by James Earl Ray, a white man who resented the increasing black influence in society. The night before assassination gave a speech in church "I've been to the mountain" speech. His assassination led to an outpouring of anger among black Americans, as well as a period of national mourning that helped equal housing bill that would be the last legislative achievement of the civil rights era. -
Apollo 11
This was the first rocket ship mission run by American's National Aeronautics and Space Administration for a man to land on the moon. It was the fifth human spaceflight Project Apollo and the third human voyage to the Moon. The ship launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited above -
Stagflation
During the 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. This is the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from the stagnation of its industrial growth. The continued increase in the price of goods and services raised the demand and the increased demand raised the prices. This resulted in the demand for higher wages and that eventually pushed the prices further up. And the economy was like this for a long period of time. -
Period: to
1970s
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Equal Rights Amendment
Supported by the National Organization for Women the Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. On October 1971, under the leadership of U.S. Representative Bella Abzug of New York and feminists Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem it won the requisite two-thirds vote from the U.S. House of Representatives. And was approved by the US Senate in 1972. It was at first seen as a great victory by women rights groups. -
Phyllis Schalfy
Born in St. Louis Missouri, Washington State University and received a master's degree Harvard University. A conservative female political activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying traditional gender division of labor. She is known for her opposition to modern feminism and for her campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. She founded the Eagle Forum. -
Title IX
The Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government. "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Schools are legally required to report hostile educational environment and failure to do so will lose fundings. -
Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. Richard Nixon, Enacted this act. Recognizes the value of species habitat. It authorizes the designation of critical habitat and calls for recovery plans for listed species. The environmental writer whose book Silent Spring helped encourage this law. The Endangered Species Act led EPA and OSHA to the front of the battle for ecological safety. -
Heritage Foundation
A public policy that promotes the principles that made America great with free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. Known to be a conservative think tank in Washington D.C. They attacked liberal legislation. It is widely considered one of the world's most influential public policy research institutes. Its initial funding was provided by Joseph Coors and Richard Mellon Scaife. Happened during the Reagan administration. -
OPEC
Called the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries formed in 1961. It is an international cartel that inflates the price of oil by limiting supply. The prominent members are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. OPEC aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors. In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers. Later, doubled their petroleum charges in 1979, helping American inflation rise well above 13%. -
Beginnings of the Personal Computer
The first personal computers, introduced in 1975, and came as kits, they were called The MITS Altair 8800, and later was the IMSAI 8080, an Altair clone. IBM later interned the market and dominated. The result was thousands of jobs, some in the manufacturing of computers and hardware. It was a device that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and contains a processor, memory, and one or more input and output devices, and storage devices. -
Three-Mile Island
Nuclear power became popular during the energy crisis of the 1970s The site of a 1979 nuclear disaster in Pennsylvania, was one of the worst in American history. This was a major mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16-mile radius and killed many of the US citizens. While it was ultimately not terrible, it harmed the public perception of nuclear power. After 40 years no new nuclear power was built. -
The Moral Majority
Group was formed by Jerry Falwell. It is a political group made up of fundamentalist Christians which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society. They campaigned about issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. They wanted to ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. -
Election of 1980
The United States presidential election of 1980 was between Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent, Ronald Reagan, as well as Republican Congressman John B. Anderson. Reagan, aided by the Iran hostage crisis, won the election in a landslide. Ronald Reagan had 489 Electoral Votes and 43,901,812 Popular Votes. While Jimmy Carter had 49 Electoral Votes and 35,483,820 Popular Votes. This election marked the beginning of what is popularly called the "Reagan Revolution.". -
Jimmy Carter
As the 39th president of the United States, he struggled to correctly respond to critical problems like the major energy crisis as well as high inflation and unemployment. He reopened relation with China and made an effort to broker peace in the historic Arab-Israeli conflict. Later, he was doomed by the hostage crisis in Iran. He stressed human rights because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan. And he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. -
Ronald Reagan
He was first elected president in 1980 and reelected again in 1984. He ran a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. While president, he developed Reaganomics, the trickle-down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfares and public works programs. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. -
Period: to
1980s
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Music Televison
Music Television Station that became a cultural happening in the 1980s, which has since been utilized by political groups to reach the youth vote. The Music Television started in the small market of New Jersey on cable and became a sensation then soon a generation of kids grew up watching music videos and started the careers of several famous musicians. The television brought a revolution to the recording industry. Tunes like tune "Video Killed the Radio Star," MTV redefined popular music. -
Sandra Day O' Connor
Sandra Day O' Day was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. Before, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader in the United States as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. She was considered a federalist and a moderate conservative, O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly. -
Strategic Defense Initiative
Strategic Defense Initiative was Reagan's technology missile defense system which was referred as Star Wars. This called for a land or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development. This was a missile-defense system featuring orbiting battle stations in space that could fire laser beams to vaporize intercontinental missiles on liftoff -
Iran Contra Affair
This was a scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon. The money from the scandal of arms sales was used to aid the Contras, which are the anti-Communist insurgents in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. The talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.Several Reagan administration officials were convicted of federal crimes as results. -
Reagan Doctrine
The doctrine declared US support anywhere in the world to support anticommunist activity. It was a "short sweet and to the point" promise to restore American pride and confidence. It believed detente is a tool the Soviets are using to manipulate the U.S., the doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. The doctrine only lasted less than a decade -
Challenger Explosion
In 1986, a small satellite space shuttle called the "Challenger" exploded 73 seconds into the flight and killed everyone aboard which was about 7 passengers. after being launched in Cape Canaveral, Flordia. The explosion was caused by a faulty seal in the fuel tank. The shuttle program was halted for two years while investigators and officials drew up new safety regulations, but was resumed in 1988 with the flight of the Discovery. This caused the people to undermine confidence in space. -
Fall of the Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. This wall was a symbol of individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world. Due to the threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected the wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin, so the wall came down. The fall marked an end to Soviet influence in the country and allowed for Germany to become reunited, and symbolized the end of the Cold War. -
Oprah Winfrey
Talk show host who started her own show in 1986 that went until 2011. It is regarded as the highest rated talk show in history. She was supervising producer and host of the top-rated, award-winning The Oprah Winfrey Show for two decades.She established an organization called Harpo Productions in 1988. In 2003 Forbes listed as first African American female billionaire in the 20th century. Later she became a global media leader and philanthropist. Oprah dubbed the "Queen of all Media". -
Lionel Sosa
Lionel was the founder of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar & Associates, now Bromley Communications, Hispanic advertising agency. He was a Hispanic businessman who created the largest consultant firms in the world. Sosa was even in the Hispanic media consultant to 7 Republican presidential candidates. In 2006 recognized as one of 25 Most Influential Hispanics in America by TIME. The success of His agency in the Tower campaign led several national companies, including Coca-Cola and Coors. -
Period: to
1990s
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Rodney King Incident
An African-American motorist driver who in 1991 was stopped by police officers. A video footage was taken of the police beating him after a 115-mph chase throughout LA. Ended with him allegedly lunging at one of the officers either Laurence Powell or Timothy Wind. He received 56 blows from nightsticks while a dozen other officers stood by and watched.The video was brodcasted over the nation's news The four cops were acquitted by an all-white jury and were released back to their previous jobs. -
Election of 1992
The United States presidential election of 1992 had two major candidates: Republican President George H. W. Bush and Democrat Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. William J. Clinton had 370 Electoral Votes and 44,908,254 popular votes. George Bush had 168 Electoral Votes and 39,102,343 popular votes. Bush had hated mostly because of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes while the economy was in a recession. In the end, Clinton won the election. -
George W. Bush
George Bush served as the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. He also was a two-term U.S. vice president under Ronald Reagan, from 1981 to 1989. He was a World War II naval aviator and Texas oil industry executive, began his political career in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1967. While being in office, launched successful military operations against Panama and Iraq. But his popularity went down during the economic recession. In 1992 he lost his bid for re-election to Bill Clinton. -
World Trade Center Attack
Before being destroyed, it was a community where buying and selling goods. There were terrorists that drove a truck bomb underneath it and detonated it. The parking garage was gutted, but the buildings stood up until the two planes hit it in 2001. The 1,336 pounds nitrate-hydrogen gas enhanced device was supposed to crash into the North Tower and then the South Tower. This killed ten thousands of people. The names of some of the terrorists was Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh -
Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy
This was a policy about homosexuality in the U.S. military mandated by federal law. Clinton Administration created a policy prohibits anyone who is gay, lesbian, bisexual from serving in the armed forces of the United States. Clinton thought that it " would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability." Stops prohibit homosexual from talking about their relationship while being in the army. -
Welform Reform
Was signed by Clinton to make reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare recipients to find employment. This made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. And it restricted welfare benefits for legal and illegal immigrants. It was part of Bill Clinton's campaign platform in 1992. Clinton was slow to endorse this bill. Restricted access to social services. Reforms were widely seen by liberals. Abandon key New Deal provisions -
Defense of Marriage Act
The act defined marriage as between only a man and women. however many states and companies extended benefits to same-sex partners and many states legalized same-sex marriages. This would make same-sex marriage would not be recognized by the federal government. The gay couples would be ineligible for spousal benefits provided by federal laws. The Defense of Marriage Act relieving states of the obligation to grant reciprocity, or "full faith and credit," to marriages performed in another state. -
Lewinsky Affair
Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal that involved 49-year-old President Bill Clinton and 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Lewinsky had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath and he repeatedly lied about the affair, he eventually was forced to admit to his relationship, and there was physical evidence. Clinton was impeached for perjury and pass two articles of impeachment and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term. -
Election of 2000
The United States presidential election of 2000 was an election between Republican George W. Bush, and Democratic Al Gore. George W. Bush had 271 Electoral Votes and 50,456,062 popular votes. Albert Gore, Jr. had 266 Electoral Votes and 50,996,582 popular votes. The election was had controversy over the awarding of Florida's 25 electoral votes. It was the closest election since 1876 and only the fourth election in which the electoral vote did not reflect the popular vote. -
Al Gore
Born on March 31, 1948, Al Gore was Clinton's vice-president from 1993 to 2001 and a candidate for the 2000 presidential election. His running caused one of the closest elections in history and a fiasco with the voting system when he won the popular vote but lost Electoral College because of Florida's "Hanging Chads" When George Bush achieved a close victory, this would lead to controversy over how accurately the votes were counted incidents. He was an advocate for environmental awareness. -
Bush v Gore
Because of the closeness in the election of 2000, Gore ordered that ballots be recounted in Florida because of a potential mistake. The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election. Florida's mandates for recounting ballots was unconstitutional and the process was forced to stop. -
Compassionate Conservatism
This is a political conservative who is motivated by concern for the needy but supports policies based on personal responsibility and limited government. George W. Bush believed that although government should not interfere directly with people's lives, it should help people to help themselves. The Compassionate Conservatism like enforcing learning standards. It states that through the use of traditional conservative political beliefs, the general welfare of society with improve. -
Period: to
Contemporary
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9/11 Attack
Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York CityOne plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, DC, and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster
Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and it is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. He was widely criticized for the lack of federal response and compassion ignited debate of poverty and race in America. Bush administration was accused of showing indifference to those who were affected by the massive storm. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and the golf region in August 2005 and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion. -
The Great Recession
The recession officially began in December 2007 and ended in mid-2009. It has had long-term lingering effects on unemployment and was preceded by the largest housing bubble in US history, the banks also began to falter, caused by short-term economic thinking, speculation, and irresponsible spending. Since wages and jobs decrease, creating a downward spiral. People lost homes and spent money irresponsibly. This became the worst economic period for the United States since the Great Depression -
Election of 2008
The 56th United States presidential election was between Democratic Barack Obama and Republican John S McCain. Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain with Obama having 365 Electoral Votes and 69,456,897 Popular Votes. John S. McCain had only 173 Electoral Votes and 59,934,814 Popular Votes. The election was the first in which an African American was elected President and was the first time two sitting senators ran against each other instead of an incumbent president/vice president -
Sonya Sotomayor
Sotomayor was born in the Bronx on June 25, 1954, to Juan Sotomayor and Celina Baez, both native Puerto Ricans. Her desire to be a judge was first inspired by the TV show Perry Mason. In 1992, she became a U.S. District Court Judge in 1992 and in 1998, U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals. In 2009, Sonya Sotomayor was the first Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme Court's history. She was appointed by President Obama in 2009 and became the Associate Justice of Supreme Court. -
Affordable Care Act
The Affordable Care Act was an expansion of Medicaid. This required most of the employers to provide health insurance, have face surtax, to prevent the rejection based on pre-existing condition. This was also referred to as "Obamacare", and was signed into law in 2010. It was enacted to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, lower the uninsured rate by expanding public and private insurance coverage, and reduce the costs of healthcare for individuals and the government
