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Third Pandemic of Cholera Begins
1841-1859: Cholera outbreaks has entered Asia during third pandemic.This caused a pandemic of cholera throughout the year of 1859. Photo: Victim of cholera
Source:Beck, B. J. (n.d.). Cholera. Lecture presented at Plagues and people: Infectious and epidemic disease in history in University of California, Irvine. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/lecture15.html -
Chicago Outbreak
In Chicago, 5.5 % died due to cholera. Cholera also was striking the south due to the many visitors via the shipping ports; however, during this time US scientist blamed African-Americans for causing the outbreak.
Photo: Chicago small scale map
Source: Rosenberg, C.E. (1987). The cholera years: The United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press -
Cholera Outbreak Begins in 1854 on Broad Street in Soho London
The first cholera outbreak in Golden Square has commenced from 31 August to 8 September. John Snow, MD, hears of it and heads to the neighborhood to investigate. He had done prior work on cholera in 1849.
Photo: John Snow created this map of the affected area.
Source: John Snow, MD, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. (London: John Churchill, 1855), 75; “John Snow,” A Dictionary of Public Health, ed. John M. Last (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) (Online). -
Reverend Henry Whitehead
The reverend of the perish that controlled the neighborhood decided to join Snow to prove him wrong. To Whitehead's discovery, Snow proved the reverend wrong...along with everyone else that believed the disease spread through the air.
Photo: Henry Whitehead Source:Cholera Inquiry Committee, Report on the Cholera Outbreak in the Parish of St. James’s, Westminster during the Autumn of 1854 (London: John Churchill, 1855), 3. -
The Grand Experiment is Underway
John Snow persuades the superintedent of the neighborhood to remove the Broad Street Pump Handle. Snow suspects it is this handle that is the souce of the choleraoutbreak due to most people in the neighborhood using it. There are no more new victims after this event.
Photo: The pump handle is removed. Presently, it is a statue to honor the Father of Epidemiology John Snow. Source: John Snow, MD, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. (London: John Churchill, 1855), 51; Cholera Inqu -
John Snow has "On the Mode of Communication of Cholera" published
John Snow has a pamphlet published. He describes the accounts that took place in SoHo London. He brings about a new theory that cholera is spread through contact rather than the common theory in which it is spread through the air. Other physicians do no believe nor does the public.
Photo: Cover of book
Source:Snow, J., MD. (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera (2nd ed.). London: John Churchill. -
John Snow and the "Index Case"
In his pamphlet-turned-book, John Snow describes the "Index Case." A baby who was given a bath then had that water be dumped near the pump was the Index Case.Today, this is what is commonly referred to as "Patient Zero," the source of the spread of infection. His communication/message is the drawing. Photo: House of Index Case Source: Reverend Henry Whitehead, “The Broad Street Pump: An Episode in the Cholera Epidemic of 1854,” Macmillan’s Magazine 13 (November 1865-April 1866): 120. -
John Snow Dies
John Snow dies of a stroke. The vast majority of professionals and the public do not believe his theory that cholera is spread through digestion of the bacterium. He still dies a famous physician for his work with ether and chloroform. Photo: John Snow Source:Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s. v. "John Snow," by Ralph R. Frerichs (Online). -
Third Pandemic Ends
1841-59: Cholera is spread to North America Continent via shippers and ports. Port areas were effected the most since more people visted them. This shows how humans spread cholera, the reason they would travel was for a number of reasons such as business, messages, etc. Source:Beck, B. J. (n.d.). Cholera. Lecture presented at Plagues and people: Infectious and epidemic disease in history in University of California, Irvine. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/bjbe -
Fourth Pandemic of Cholera
1863-1875: Cholera outbreaks occured in Europe, Africa, and US. Most people do not believe cholera is spread how John Snow stated in 1855.
Photo: How and what cholera does to body.
Source:Beardsley GW (2000). "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)". The Early America Review 3 (2). -
Cholera Outbreak of 1866
Another cholera outbreak hits East London. This last from June to Novemebr of 1866 and kills 4, 000 people.
One of Snow's biggest opponents, William Farr, realized that Snow was onto something with his research of 1854 Cholera Outbreak. This will be momentous realization for the medical community. Photo: William Farr Source: Luckin, W. "The Final Catastrophe—cholera in London, 1866." Medical History Med. Hist. 21, no. 01 (1977): 32-42. -
Water Company is Dismissing Contamination Theory
By Christmas of 1866, the East London Water Company had failed to make a solid case against the water theory that John Snow had spoke about in 1854. Therefore, the water company is held accountable for the pollution of the water, thus changes must be made. Like most companies, they were worried about public perception and the cost of the changes.
Photo:Sketch by water company
Source: Luckin, W. "The Final Catastrophe—cholera in London, 1866." Medical History Med. Hist. 21, no. 01 (1977): 32-42. -
William Farr Persuades Others and Changes are Made
William Farr persuades government officials for two years to make necessary changes to mitigate the risk of cholera outbreaks. People are asked to not dump sewage in the rivers, better sanitary infrustructure is updated, people are told to boil their water prior to drinking it, among other changes to societal norms. Photo: Thames River, said to be the problem from the very beginning of the air born theory. Source:Luckin, W. "The Final Catastrophe—cholera in London, 1866." Medical History Med -
Fourth Pandemic of Cholera Ends
1863-1875: Most widespread pandemic. Some people even blamed lower socioeconomic status for the disease since the disease caused more deaths in poorer neighborhoods.
Photo: How cholera enters the body and what it does to the body.
Source:Beck, B. J. (n.d.). Cholera. Lecture presented at Plagues and people: Infectious and epidemic disease in history in University of California, Irvine. Retrieved January 25, 20 -
Some people still believe the Miasma theory
Although, researchers had dispproved the miasma (airborne) theory, some prominent scientist still perpetuated the miasma theory. This shows that the communication is hard to convey when people are so convicted to their own beliefs.
Photo: What cholera looks like under microscopic intstruments
Source:Luckin, W. "The Final Catastrophe—Cholera in London, 1866." Medical History Med. Hist. 21, no. 01 (1977): 32-42. -
John Snow is titled the Father of Epidemiology
After the "Grand Experiment" was republished, John Snow was acknowledge as the Father of Modern Epidemiology due to his successful discovery of the Cholera Outbreak of 1854. John Snow helped change the way that medical health professsionals look at outbreaks. He helped discover the spread of cholera, thus saving countless of lives. Photo: John Snow and his discovery. Source:Frerichs, R. R. (n.d.). John Snow. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
