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1555
The Peace of Augsbury
- first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in German, Promulgated by the Diet of HRE at Augsburg
- The Peace allowed the state princess to select either Lutheranism/Catholicism -> entered conflict from the two religious groups
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King Christian IV of Denmark
- Lutheran reign
- Denmark participated in the 30yrs war during his reign
- 'Christian Firtal'
- Popular, ambitions, proactive
- many reforms + sustainability and wealth
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Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII - "Louis the Just"
king of France (1610-1643)
cardinal in 1622
1624 Louis made Richelieu his principal minister and cooperated closely to make France or lend European power
Richelieu quickly became a dominant figure in the gov.
Richelieu sought to consolidate royal authority, but also weaken the nobility in France -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
- the king of Sweden credited as he founder of Sweden as a Great power
- led Sweden to military supremacy during the 30yrs war, helping determine the political and religious balance of power in EU
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Philip IV of Spain
remembered for his patronage of the arts and his rule over Spain during the challenging period of the 30 yrs war
He tried to revive Spain's prominence during the war but failed -
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Ferdinand Styria as king of Bohemia
- his acts started the 30 yrs war
- His aim, as a jealous Catholic, was to restore catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and to suppress Protestantism
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Defenestration of Prague
- marked one of the openingn phases of the 30yrs war
- Bohemian resistance (Catholic closed Protestant chapels - violated liberty in the letter of Majesty of emperor Rudolph) to Hapsburg authority
- Ferdinand II
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The Bohemian Period
revolt that began in Prague later spread in other Hapsburg dominions (transylvania)
revolt began by the act of Protestant members that hurled 2 royal officers from a window (defenestration)
Bohemian throne - offered to Frederick V until Nov 1632 when the Battle of white mountain occurred and he was defeated - after that repression -
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Maximillian I of Bavaria
- Duke of Bavaria
- Elector Palatine
- Elector of Bavaria
- Wittelsbach Ruler of Bavaria
- Elector of the HRE
- Big defender of Catholic League
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Battle of White Mountain
- near Prague - end of Bohemian period
- Denmark and Sweden join the war
- Conversion of Catholicism
- restoration of Hapsburg control over the Bohemian states
- win for Catholicism and the HRE
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The Danish Period
after Bohemian
Protestant countries were beginning to realize the danger that they faced. -
Treaty of Lubeck
- ended the Danish intervention in the 30yrs war
- it was signed by Albrecht won Wallenstein (Bohemian military leader) and Christian IV of Denmark
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The Swedish Period
King Gustavus Adolphus, known as the Lion to the North has entered the war -
Battle of Lutzen
- one of the most important battles of the 30 yrs war
- Swedes help North German allies against HRE
- Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II died - changed course of the battle - north German retreat
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The Treaty of Prague
-peace treaty signed the Hapsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector John George I of Saxony
-brought an end to the civil war aspect of 30 yrs war -
The Peace of Westphalia
- May-Oct
- series of peace treaties signed in the Westphalian cities
- effectively ending EU wars of religion
- the treaties ended the 30 yrs war in the HRE and the 80 yrs war
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Treaty of the Pyrenees
- to end the 1635-59 war between France and Spain
- a war that was initially a part of the wider 30 yrs war
- signed on Pheasant island
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The French Period
most of EU were directly or indirectly under French rule or within the French sphere of influence