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Modern History
Modern history is the history of the world beginning after the Middle Ages. Generally the term "modern history" refers to the history of the world since the advent of the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. -
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Enclosure Acts
It was a series of laws in Britain that allowed landowners to take over common land and enclose the property. This helped the big landowners to increase the profits. -
John Kay’s flying shuttle
It increased the speed of production and made it possible to weave wider fabrics. -
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First Industrial Revolution
A revolution which changed the entire world as it transformed the agriculture leading to a better human nutrition which made the population rise, there was a transport revolution with the Steam engime locomotive, there was a development of industry -
James Watt’s steam engine
In 1764 Watt invented the steam engine while he was repairing a machine. It worked by burning coal which heated water, the steam pressure pushes a piston which rises ans pushes a beam, which is a continous movement. -
The wealth of nations
First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. -
Invention of the power loom
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Estates-General meeting
The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France. Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate became a National Assembly and, against the wishes of the King, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution. -
Women’s March on Versailles
The Women's March on Versailles, also known as the October March, the October Days or simply the March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution. The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789 -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered fundamental aspects of modern Liberal democracy.[1] -
- Tennis Court Oath (Proclamation of the National Assembly)
Finding themselves locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles on June 20 and thinking that the king was forcing them to disband, they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court (salle du jeu de paume). There they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France. In the face of the solidarity of the Third Estate, King Louis XVI relented and on June 27 ordered the clergy and the nobility to join with the Third Estate in the National Assembly. -
Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval armory, and political prison known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris. The prison contained only seven inmates at the time of its storming but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. -
First French constitution
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Girondin Convention
he Girondins, or Girondists, were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnards, they initially were part of the Jacobin movement. -
War of the First Coalition
The War of the First Coalition is a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.[12] They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred. -
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Conservative Republic
In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power. -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
On August 10th 1792, a little more than three years after their victory over the Bastille, the people of Paris laid siege to another royalist symbol. This time the target was the Tuileries Palace, the official residence of Louis XVI and the home of the Legislative Assembly. The attack on the Tuileries effectively brought the Bourbon monarchy to a close in France. -
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Social Republic
The First French Republic, officially the French Republic, was the name given to a series of parliamentary and republican regimes that followed one another between September 21, 1792 and May 18, 1804, during the French Revolution. It officially began the day the deputies of the National Convention approved the abolition of the monarchy -
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, commonly The Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and spurious accusations of treason by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety. -
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Jacobin Convention
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club or simply the Jacobins, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789. The period of its political ascendancy includes the Reign of Terror, during which time well over ten thousand people were put on trial and executed in France, many for political crimes. -
Execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. At a trial on 17 January 1793, the National Convention had convicted the king of high treason in a near-unanimous vote; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained. Ultimately, they condemned him to death by a simple majority. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution. This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate. This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican calendar. -
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The Consulate
The Consulate was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. -
Constitution of 1800
A referendum ratifying the constitution of the French consulate was held in February 1800.[1] 53.74% of voters abstained. The official results, as announced by Lucien Bonaparte, Minister of the Interior and brother of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, were 99.9% in favor of the new constitution. However, academics have claimed that Lucien massaged the votes in favor of the constitution, alleging that only 1,550,000 Frenchmen voted for the change. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
The First French Empire, officially the French Republic then the French Empire, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Although France had already established a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the French Revolution -
Napoleon crowned emperor
The coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French took place on Sunday, December 2, 1804 (11 Frimaire, Year XIII according to the French Republican calendar), at Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris. It marked "the instantiation of modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda" -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
Napoleonic Spain was the part of Spain loyal to Joseph I during the Peninsular War (1808–1813) after the country was partially occupied by French forces. During this period, the country was considered a client state of the First French Empire. -
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Luddite movement
Movement started in 1811 in England where the first workers protested and the way of protesting was by the destruction of the machinery, which created unemployement. -
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
The Holy Alliance was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, and it nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War. -
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Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March. -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts
Thanks to the repeal of this law in England, now workers could associate and created the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union -
Stephenson’s Steam locomotive
t was a revolution due to this new transport which was invented through the steam engine. It could carry more passengers, less time and with lower cost. -
Revolutions of 1830
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848. -
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The Age of the revolutions (1830-1848)
A revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed. -
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The Belgian Revolution
The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. -
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
This association defended the right of association, improve wages and regulate children labour. It brought together many diffrent types of workers. -
Zollverein
The Customs Union of the States of Germany was a customs organization made in 1834 by means of which tariffs were abolished among the members of the German Confederation, with the exception of Austria. Several states of the Confederation experienced considerable economic development after 1815. The Customs Union promoted the customs tariff unit in a process of economic unification that Austria was unable to prevent even though it controlled the political direction of the Confederacy. -
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. -
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French Second Republic (1848 – 1852)
The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" -
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Italian Unification process
Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871, when Rome was officially designated the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
Made possible to manuacture steel. -
First International
Created by the initiative of Marx but was disolved in1876 -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
It brought together all his ideas and the history of the economy, it changed the vision of many people. After years of studies. -
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German Unification process
The Unification of Germany into the German Empire, a Prussia-dominated state with federal features, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. The new state replaced the German Confederation, a loose association of sovereign states, and the highly decentralized Holy Roman Empire. -
Second International
Founded by Marxist and stablished the Anthem and the International Worker’s day -
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Contemporary History
Contemporary history, is a subset of modern history that describes the historical period from approximately 1945 to the present. Contemporary history is either a subset of the late modern period, or it is one of the three major subsets of modern history, alongside the early modern period and the late modern period. The term contemporary history has been in use at least since the early 19th century. -
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Constitutional monarchy
The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty.
